beiða 1 (long stem) “request, demand”

“desire; force, compel; hunt, catch”

frequent

transitive (acc of person, dat of thing)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek beiði	1pl	vér beiðum	1sg	ek beiða	1pl	vér beiðim
2sg	þú beiðir	2pl	þér beiðið	2sg	þú beiðir	2pl	þér beiðið
3sg	hon beiðir	3pl	þau beiða	3sg	hon beiði	3pl	þau beiði
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek beidda	1pl	vér beiddum	1sg	ek beidda	1pl	vér beiddim
2sg	þú beiddir	2pl	þér beidduð	2sg	þú beiddir	2pl	þér beiddið
3sg	hon beiddi	3pl	þau beiddu	3sg	hon beiddi	3pl	þau beiddi
preterite infinitive				beiddu
past participle		f.	beidd	m.	beiddr	n.	beitt
imperative		2sg	beið	1pl	beiðum	2pl	beiðið

middle voice: beiðask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek beiðumk	1pl	vér beiðumk	1sg	ek beiðumk	1pl	vér beiðimk
2sg	þú beiðisk	2pl	þér beiðizk	2sg	þú beiðisk	2pl	þér beiðizk
3sg	hon beiðisk	3pl	þau beiðask	3sg	hon beiðisk	3pl	þau beiðisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek beiddumk	1pl	vér beiddumk	1sg	ek beiddumk	1pl	vér beiddimk
2sg	þú beiddisk	2pl	þér beidduzk	2sg	þú beiddisk	2pl	þér beiddizk
3sg	hon beiddisk	3pl	þau beiddusk	3sg	hon beiddisk	3pl	þau beiddisk
		past participle		n.	beizk
imperative		2sg	beizk	1pl	beiðumk	2pl	beiðizk

PG *baidijaną, OE bǣdan 1. Causative of bíða I “wait.” Connection with PG *bedjaną, ON biðja V “ask” unlikely.

syncope  ·  assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

beita 1 (long stem) “feed, graze”

“hunt, chase; scheme against; wield (a weapon against sbd); harness; yoke; sail close to the wind”

frequent

transitive (dat/acc: differs by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek beiti	1pl	vér beitum	1sg	ek beita	1pl	vér beitim
2sg	þú beitir	2pl	þér beitið	2sg	þú beitir	2pl	þér beitið
3sg	hon beitir	3pl	þau beita	3sg	hon beiti	3pl	þau beiti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek beitta	1pl	vér beittum	1sg	ek beitta	1pl	vér beittim
2sg	þú beittir	2pl	þér beittuð	2sg	þú beittir	2pl	þér beittið
3sg	hon beitti	3pl	þau beittu	3sg	hon beitti	3pl	þau beitti
preterite infinitive				beittu
past participle		f.	beitt	m.	beittr	n.	beitt
imperative		2sg	beit	1pl	beitum	2pl	beitið

middle voice: beitask “leave oneself exposed; subject one another to”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek beitumk	1pl	vér beitumk	1sg	ek beitumk	1pl	vér beitimk
2sg	þú beitisk	2pl	þér beitizk	2sg	þú beitisk	2pl	þér beitizk
3sg	hon beitisk	3pl	þau beitask	3sg	hon beitisk	3pl	þau beitisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek beittumk	1pl	vér beittumk	1sg	ek beittumk	1pl	vér beittimk
2sg	þú beittisk	2pl	þér beittuzk	2sg	þú beittisk	2pl	þér beittizk
3sg	hon beittisk	3pl	þau beittusk	3sg	hon beittisk	3pl	þau beittisk
		past participle		n.	beizk
imperative		2sg	beizk	1pl	beitumk	2pl	beitizk

PG *baitijaną, OE bǣtan 1; source of ME baiten, MnE bait. Causative of bíta I “bite, eat.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

benda 1 (long stem) “bend”

“tie; span; signal, communicate”

common

transitive (acc of object, dat of recipient)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek bendi	1pl	vér bendum	1sg	ek benda	1pl	vér bendim
2sg	þú bendir	2pl	þér bendið	2sg	þú bendir	2pl	þér bendið
3sg	hon bendir	3pl	þau benda	3sg	hon bendi	3pl	þau bendi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek benda	1pl	vér bendum	1sg	ek benda	1pl	vér bendim
2sg	þú bendir	2pl	þér benduð	2sg	þú bendir	2pl	þér bendið
3sg	hon bendi	3pl	þau bendu	3sg	hon bendi	3pl	þau bendi
preterite infinitive				bendu
past participle		f.	bend	m.	bendr	n.	bent
imperative		2sg	bent	1pl	bendum	2pl	bendið

middle voice: bendask “bend down, stoop; become bent; compete”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek bendumk	1pl	vér bendumk	1sg	ek bendumk	1pl	vér bendimk
2sg	þú bendisk	2pl	þér bendizk	2sg	þú bendisk	2pl	þér bendizk
3sg	hon bendisk	3pl	þau bendask	3sg	hon bendisk	3pl	þau bendisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bendumk	1pl	vér bendumk	1sg	ek bendumk	1pl	vér bendimk
2sg	þú bendisk	2pl	þér benduzk	2sg	þú bendisk	2pl	þér bendizk
3sg	hon bendisk	3pl	þau bendusk	3sg	hon bendisk	3pl	þau bendisk
		past participle		n.	benzk
imperative		2sg	benzk	1pl	bendumk	2pl	bendizk

Sense group “bend; tie; span”: PG *bandijaną, OE bendan 1, ME benden, MnE bend; derived from the noun PG *bandiz, ON band (which gave rise to ME band, bond, MnE band, bond), Dutch band, German Band. Cf. binda III. Sense “signal, communicate”: PG *bandwijaną; derived from the noun PG *bandwō “sign.”

fortition  ·  cluster reduction

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

bergja 1 (long stem) “taste, partake of”

“eat; drink”

common

transitive (acc/dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek bergi	1pl	vér bergjum	1sg	ek bergja	1pl	vér bergim
2sg	þú bergir	2pl	þér bergið	2sg	þú bergir	2pl	þér bergið
3sg	hon bergir	3pl	þau bergja	3sg	hon bergi	3pl	þau bergi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bergða	1pl	vér bergðum	1sg	ek bergða	1pl	vér bergðim
2sg	þú bergðir	2pl	þér bergðuð	2sg	þú bergðir	2pl	þér bergðið
3sg	hon bergði	3pl	þau bergðu	3sg	hon bergði	3pl	þau bergði
preterite infinitive				bergðu
past participle		f.	bergð	m.	bergðr	n.	bergt
imperative		2sg	berg	1pl	bergjum	2pl	bergið

middle voice: bergjask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek bergjumk	1pl	vér bergjumk	1sg	ek bergjumk	1pl	vér bergimk
2sg	þú bergsk	2pl	þér bergizk	2sg	þú bergisk	2pl	þér bergizk
3sg	hon bergsk	3pl	þau bergjask	3sg	hon bergisk	3pl	þau bergisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bergðumk	1pl	vér bergðumk	1sg	ek bergðumk	1pl	vér bergðimk
2sg	þú bergðisk	2pl	þér bergðuzk	2sg	þú bergðisk	2pl	þér bergðizk
3sg	hon bergðisk	3pl	þau bergðusk	3sg	hon bergðisk	3pl	þau bergðisk
		past participle		n.	bergzk
imperative		2sg	bergsk	1pl	bergjumk	2pl	bergizk

PG *bargijaną, OE byrgan 1.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

berja 1 (short stem) “strike, beat”

“transgress”

frequent

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek ber	1pl	vér berjum	1sg	ek berja	1pl	vér berim
2sg	þú berr	2pl	þér berið	2sg	þú berir	2pl	þér berið
3sg	hon berr	3pl	þau berja	3sg	hon beri	3pl	þau beri
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek barða	1pl	vér bǫrðum	1sg	ek berða	1pl	vér berðim
2sg	þú barðir	2pl	þér bǫrðuð	2sg	þú berðir	2pl	þér berðið
3sg	hon barði	3pl	þau bǫrðu	3sg	hon berði	3pl	þau berði
preterite infinitive				bǫrðu
past participle		f.	bǫr(i)ð	m.	bar(i)ðr	n.	bar(i)t
imperative		2sg	ber	1pl	berjum	2pl	berið

middle voice: berjask “fight; attack”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek berjumk	1pl	vér berjumk	1sg	ek berjumk	1pl	vér berimk
2sg	þú bersk	2pl	þér berizk	2sg	þú berisk	2pl	þér berizk
3sg	hon bersk	3pl	þau berjask	3sg	hon berisk	3pl	þau berisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bǫrðumk	1pl	vér bǫrðumk	1sg	ek berðumk	1pl	vér berðimk
2sg	þú barðisk	2pl	þér bǫrðuzk	2sg	þú berðisk	2pl	þér berðizk
3sg	hon barðisk	3pl	þau bǫrðusk	3sg	hon berðisk	3pl	þau berðisk
		past participle		n.	bar(i)zk
imperative		2sg	bersk	1pl	berjumk	2pl	berizk

PG *barjaną. Strong participial variant barinn. Forms coinciding with those of bera IV “carry” include much of the present subjunctive and imperative systems as well as the present 2pl.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

beygja 1 (long stem) “bend”

common

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek beygi	1pl	vér beygjum	1sg	ek beygja	1pl	vér beygim
2sg	þú beygir	2pl	þér beygið	2sg	þú beygir	2pl	þér beygið
3sg	hon beygir	3pl	þau beygja	3sg	hon beygi	3pl	þau beygi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek beygða	1pl	vér beygðum	1sg	ek beygða	1pl	vér beygðim
2sg	þú beygðir	2pl	þér beygðuð	2sg	þú beygðir	2pl	þér beygðið
3sg	hon beygði	3pl	þau beygðu	3sg	hon beygði	3pl	þau beygði
preterite infinitive				beygðu
past participle		f.	beygð	m.	beygðr	n.	beygt
imperative		2sg	beyg	1pl	beygjum	2pl	beygið

middle voice: beygjask “bow”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek beygjumk	1pl	vér beygjumk	1sg	ek beygjumk	1pl	vér beygimk
2sg	þú beygisk	2pl	þér beygizk	2sg	þú beygisk	2pl	þér beygizk
3sg	hon beygisk	3pl	þau beygjask	3sg	hon beygisk	3pl	þau beygisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek beygðumk	1pl	vér beygðumk	1sg	ek beygðumk	1pl	vér beygðimk
2sg	þú beygðisk	2pl	þér beygðuzk	2sg	þú beygðisk	2pl	þér beygðizk
3sg	hon beygðisk	3pl	þau beygðusk	3sg	hon beygðisk	3pl	þau beygðisk
		past participle		n.	beygzk
imperative		2sg	beygsk	1pl	beygjumk	2pl	beygizk

PG *baugijaną, OE bīgan 1, ME beien, Dutch buigen, German biegen. Causative of bjúga II “bend.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

blœða 1 (long stem) “bleed”

common

intransitive/impersonal transitive (dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek blœði	1pl	vér blœðum	1sg	ek blœða	1pl	vér blœðim
2sg	þú blœðir	2pl	þér blœðið	2sg	þú blœðir	2pl	þér blœðið
3sg	hon blœðir	3pl	þau blœða	3sg	hon blœði	3pl	þau blœði
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek blœdda	1pl	vér blœddum	1sg	ek blœdda	1pl	vér blœddim
2sg	þú blœddir	2pl	þér blœdduð	2sg	þú blœddir	2pl	þér blœddið
3sg	hon blœddi	3pl	þau blœddu	3sg	hon blœddi	3pl	þau blœddi
preterite infinitive				blœddu
past participle		f.	blœdd	m.	blœddr	n.	blœtt
imperative		2sg	blœð	1pl	blœðum	2pl	blœðið

PG *blōþijaną, OE blēdan 1, ME blēden, MnE bleed, Dutch bloeden, German bluten.

syncope  ·  assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active

brenna 1 (long stem) “burn (down)”

“heat; sear; purify in, process with, produce by fire”

frequent

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek brenni	1pl	vér brennum	1sg	ek brenna	1pl	vér brennim
2sg	þú brennir	2pl	þér brennið	2sg	þú brennir	2pl	þér brennið
3sg	hon brennir	3pl	þau brenna	3sg	hon brenni	3pl	þau brenni
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek brennda	1pl	vér brenndum	1sg	ek brennda	1pl	vér brenndim
2sg	þú brenndir	2pl	þér brennduð	2sg	þú brenndir	2pl	þér brenndið
3sg	hon brenndi	3pl	þau brenndu	3sg	hon brenndi	3pl	þau brenndi
preterite infinitive				brenndu
past participle		f.	brennd	m.	brenndr	n.	brennt
imperative		2sg	brenn	1pl	brennum	2pl	brennið

middle voice: brennask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek brennumk	1pl	vér brennumk	1sg	ek brennumk	1pl	vér brennimk
2sg	þú brennisk	2pl	þér brennizk	2sg	þú brennisk	2pl	þér brennizk
3sg	hon brennisk	3pl	þau brennask	3sg	hon brennisk	3pl	þau brennisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek brenndumk	1pl	vér brenndumk	1sg	ek brenndumk	1pl	vér brenndimk
2sg	þú brenndisk	2pl	þér brennduzk	2sg	þú brenndisk	2pl	þér brenndizk
3sg	hon brenndisk	3pl	þau brenndusk	3sg	hon brenndisk	3pl	þau brenndisk
		past participle		n.	brennzk
imperative		2sg	brennsk	1pl	brennumk	2pl	brennizk

PG *brannijaną, OE bærnan 1, Dutch (ver)branden replacing Middle Dutch bernen, German brennen. Causative of brenna III “burn, be on fire.” Preterite variant brendi, participle brendr.

assimilation  ·  gemination

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

breyta 1 (long stem) “alter”

“move, change; vary; exchange”

frequent

transitive (dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek breyti	1pl	vér breytum	1sg	ek breyta	1pl	vér breytim
2sg	þú breytir	2pl	þér breytið	2sg	þú breytir	2pl	þér breytið
3sg	hon breytir	3pl	þau breyta	3sg	hon breyti	3pl	þau breyti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek breytta	1pl	vér breyttum	1sg	ek breytta	1pl	vér breyttim
2sg	þú breyttir	2pl	þér breyttuð	2sg	þú breyttir	2pl	þér breyttið
3sg	hon breytti	3pl	þau breyttu	3sg	hon breytti	3pl	þau breytti
preterite infinitive				breyttu
past participle		f.	breytt	m.	breyttr	n.	breytt
imperative		2sg	breyt	1pl	breytum	2pl	breytið

middle voice: breytask “(undergo) change”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek breytumk	1pl	vér breytumk	1sg	ek breytumk	1pl	vér breytimk
2sg	þú breytisk	2pl	þér breytizk	2sg	þú breytisk	2pl	þér breytizk
3sg	hon breytisk	3pl	þau breytask	3sg	hon breytisk	3pl	þau breytisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek breyttumk	1pl	vér breyttumk	1sg	ek breyttumk	1pl	vér breyttimk
2sg	þú breyttisk	2pl	þér breyttuzk	2sg	þú breyttisk	2pl	þér breyttizk
3sg	hon breyttisk	3pl	þau breyttusk	3sg	hon breyttisk	3pl	þau breyttisk
		past participle		n.	breyzk
imperative		2sg	breyzk	1pl	breytumk	2pl	breytizk

PG *brautijaną, OE brȳtan 1 “crush; break, destroy” derived from class II strong PG *breutaną, ON brjóta “break,” rare poetic OE brēotan II “kill, destroy”; shares a root with PG *brutjaną, ON brytja 2 “chop,” which ON verb gave rise to ME britten “mash; dismember; slash; kill”; cf. the adjective OE brēþel, ME brēthel, MnE brittle. Causative of brjóta II “break.”

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

byggja 1 (long stem) “dwell, inhabit”

“cohabit; settle; build; buy; marry; lend at interest”

highly frequent

transitive (acc)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek byggi	1pl	vér byggjum	1sg	ek byggja	1pl	vér byggim
2sg	þú byggir	2pl	þér byggið	2sg	þú byggir	2pl	þér byggið
3sg	hon byggir	3pl	þau byggja	3sg	hon byggi	3pl	þau byggi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek byggða	1pl	vér byggðum	1sg	ek byggða	1pl	vér byggðim
2sg	þú byggðir	2pl	þér byggðuð	2sg	þú byggðir	2pl	þér byggðið
3sg	hon byggði	3pl	þau byggðu	3sg	hon byggði	3pl	þau byggði
preterite infinitive				byggðu
past participle		f.	byggð	m.	byggðr	n.	byggt
imperative		2sg	bygg	1pl	byggum	2pl	byggið

middle voice: byggjask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek byggjumk	1pl	vér byggjumk	1sg	ek byggjumk	1pl	vér byggimk
2sg	þú byggisk	2pl	þér byggizk	2sg	þú byggisk	2pl	þér byggizk
3sg	hon byggisk	3pl	þau byggjask	3sg	hon byggisk	3pl	þau byggisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek byggðumk	1pl	vér byggðumk	1sg	ek byggðumk	1pl	vér byggðimk
2sg	þú byggðisk	2pl	þér byggðuzk	2sg	þú byggðisk	2pl	þér byggðizk
3sg	hon byggðisk	3pl	þau byggðusk	3sg	hon byggðisk	3pl	þau byggðisk
		past participle		n.	byggzk
imperative		2sg	byggsk	1pl	byggjumk	2pl	byggizk

Senses “dwell, inhabit; cohabit; settle; build”: derived from PG *bōwwaną, ON búa VIIb, which see for cognates. Source of ME biggen. Older form byggva. Senses “buy; marry; lend at interest”: PG *bugjaną, OE bicgan 1, ME bīen, MnE buy. Preterite variant bygði, participle bygðr.

sharpening  ·  semivowel loss  ·  j/v-alternation  ·  gemination

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

bœta 1 (long stem) “improve”

“restore, repair; compensate, atone; heal”

frequent

transitive (acc/dat: differs by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek bœti	1pl	vér bœtum	1sg	ek bœta	1pl	vér bœtim
2sg	þú bœtir	2pl	þér bœtið	2sg	þú bœtir	2pl	þér bœtið
3sg	hon bœtir	3pl	þau bœta	3sg	hon bœti	3pl	þau bœti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bœtta	1pl	vér bœttum	1sg	ek bœtta	1pl	vér bœttim
2sg	þú bœttir	2pl	þér bœttuð	2sg	þú bœttir	2pl	þér bœttið
3sg	hon bœtti	3pl	þau bœttu	3sg	hon bœtti	3pl	þau bœtti
preterite infinitive				bœttu
past participle		f.	bœtt	m.	bœttr	n.	bœtt
imperative		2sg	bœt	1pl	bœtum	2pl	bœtið

middle voice: bœtask “improve; recover; atone; be absolved”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek bœtumk	1pl	vér bœtumk	1sg	ek bœtumk	1pl	vér bœtimk
2sg	þú bœtisk	2pl	þér bœtizk	2sg	þú bœtisk	2pl	þér bœtizk
3sg	hon bœtisk	3pl	þau bœtask	3sg	hon bœtisk	3pl	þau bœtisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bœttumk	1pl	vér bœttumk	1sg	ek bœttumk	1pl	vér bœttimk
2sg	þú bœttisk	2pl	þér bœttuzk	2sg	þú bœttisk	2pl	þér bœttizk
3sg	hon bœttisk	3pl	þau bœttusk	3sg	hon bœttisk	3pl	þau bœttisk
		past participle		n.	bœzk
imperative		2sg	bœzk	1pl	bœtumk	2pl	bœtizk

PG *bōtijaną, OE bētan 1, ME bēten, Dutch boeten, German büßen, derived from the noun PG *bōtō, ON bót, OE bōt “compensation; penance,” ME bōte, MnE (to) boot, Dutch boete, German Buße “fine.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

deila 1 (long stem) “divide, separate”

“share; distribute; scatter; discern, distinguish; take part; have dealings with, be party to; disagree; quarrel, dispute; contend; inflict; govern, control; influence”

frequent

transitive (acc/dat: differs by sense)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek deili	1pl	vér deilum	1sg	ek deila	1pl	vér deilim
2sg	þú deilir	2pl	þér deilið	2sg	þú deilir	2pl	þér deilið
3sg	hon deilir	3pl	þau deila	3sg	hon deili	3pl	þau deili
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek deilda	1pl	vér deildum	1sg	ek deilda	1pl	vér deildim
2sg	þú deildir	2pl	þér deilduð	2sg	þú deildir	2pl	þér deildið
3sg	hon deildi	3pl	þau deildu	3sg	hon deildi	3pl	þau deildi
preterite infinitive				deildu
past participle		f.	deild	m.	deildr	n.	deilt
imperative		2sg	deil	1pl	deilum	2pl	deilið

middle voice: deilask “disagree; quarrel, dispute; contend”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek deilumk	1pl	vér deilumk	1sg	ek deilumk	1pl	vér deilimk
2sg	þú deilisk	2pl	þér deilizk	2sg	þú deilisk	2pl	þér deilizk
3sg	hon deilisk	3pl	þau deilask	3sg	hon deilisk	3pl	þau deilisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek deildumk	1pl	vér deildumk	1sg	ek deildumk	1pl	vér deildimk
2sg	þú deildisk	2pl	þér deilduzk	2sg	þú deildisk	2pl	þér deildizk
3sg	hon deildisk	3pl	þau deildusk	3sg	hon deildisk	3pl	þau deildisk
		past participle		n.	deilzk
imperative		2sg	deilsk	1pl	deilumk	2pl	deilizk

PG *dailijaną, OE dǣlan 1, ME dēlen, MnE deal, Dutch delen, German teilen; shares a root with the noun PG *dailiz, OE dǣl, ME dēl, MnE deal, Dutch deel, German Teil “part.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

dirfa 1 (long stem) “incite”

“give sbd courage; dare”

frequent

transitive (acc)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dirfi	1pl	vér dirfum	1sg	ek dirfa	1pl	vér dirfim
2sg	þú dirfir	2pl	þér dirfið	2sg	þú dirfir	2pl	þér dirfið
3sg	hon dirfir	3pl	þau dirfa	3sg	hon dirfi	3pl	þau dirfi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dirfða	1pl	vér dirfðum	1sg	ek dirfða	1pl	vér dirfðim
2sg	þú dirfðir	2pl	þér dirfðuð	2sg	þú dirfðir	2pl	þér dirfðið
3sg	hon dirfði	3pl	þau dirfðu	3sg	hon dirfði	3pl	þau dirfði
preterite infinitive				dirfðu
past participle		f.	dirfð	m.	dirfðr	n.	dirft
imperative		2sg	dirf	1pl	dirfum	2pl	dirfið

middle voice: dirfask “summon courage; dare, presume; grow impertinent; persist”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dirfumk	1pl	vér dirfumk	1sg	ek dirfumk	1pl	vér dirfimk
2sg	þú dirfisk	2pl	þér dirfizk	2sg	þú dirfisk	2pl	þér dirfizk
3sg	hon dirfisk	3pl	þau dirfask	3sg	hon dirfisk	3pl	þau dirfisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dirfðumk	1pl	vér dirfðumk	1sg	ek dirfðumk	1pl	vér dirfðimk
2sg	þú dirfðisk	2pl	þér dirfðuzk	2sg	þú dirfðisk	2pl	þér dirfðizk
3sg	hon dirfðisk	3pl	þau dirfðusk	3sg	hon dirfðisk	3pl	þau dirfðisk
		past participle		n.	dirfzk
imperative		2sg	dirfsk	1pl	dirfumk	2pl	dirfizk

Shares a root with the adjective PG *derbaz, ON djarfr “bold, daring,” OE deorf, dearf, ME derf and the noun PG *derfiþō, ON dirfð “courage.” Not to be confused with Dutch durven, which gained its modern sense “dare” by confusion of the verbs here discussed under þurfa pretpres (III) and þora 3.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

dreifa 1 (long stem) “scatter”

“drive out; sprinkle; derive etymologically”

frequent

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dreifi	1pl	vér dreifum	1sg	ek dreifa	1pl	vér dreifim
2sg	þú dreifir	2pl	þér dreifið	2sg	þú dreifir	2pl	þér dreifið
3sg	hon dreifir	3pl	þau dreifa	3sg	hon dreifi	3pl	þau dreifi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dreifða	1pl	vér dreifðum	1sg	ek dreifða	1pl	vér dreifðim
2sg	þú dreifðir	2pl	þér dreifðuð	2sg	þú dreifðir	2pl	þér dreifðið
3sg	hon dreifði	3pl	þau dreifðu	3sg	hon dreifði	3pl	þau dreifði
preterite infinitive				dreifðu
past participle		f.	dreifð	m.	dreifðr	n.	dreift
imperative		2sg	dreif	1pl	dreifum	2pl	dreifið

middle voice: dreifask “disperse”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dreifumk	1pl	vér dreifumk	1sg	ek dreifumk	1pl	vér dreifimk
2sg	þú dreifisk	2pl	þér dreifizk	2sg	þú dreifisk	2pl	þér dreifizk
3sg	hon dreifisk	3pl	þau dreifask	3sg	hon dreifisk	3pl	þau dreifisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dreifðumk	1pl	vér dreifðumk	1sg	ek dreifðumk	1pl	vér dreifðimk
2sg	þú dreifðisk	2pl	þér dreifðuzk	2sg	þú dreifðisk	2pl	þér dreifðizk
3sg	hon dreifðisk	3pl	þau dreifðusk	3sg	hon dreifðisk	3pl	þau dreifðisk
		past participle		n.	dreifzk
imperative		2sg	dreifsk	1pl	dreifumk	2pl	dreifizk

PG *draibijaną, OE drǣfan 1. Causative of drífa I “drive.”

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

drekkja 1 (long stem) “submerge”

“drench; drown”

common

transitive (dat/acc: differs by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek drekki	1pl	vér drekkjum	1sg	ek drekkja	1pl	vér drekkim
2sg	þú drekkir	2pl	þér drekkið	2sg	þú drekkir	2pl	þér drekkið
3sg	hon drekkir	3pl	þau drekkja	3sg	hon drekki	3pl	þau drekki
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek drekkta	1pl	vér drekktum	1sg	ek drekkta	1pl	vér drekktim
2sg	þú drekktir	2pl	þér drekktuð	2sg	þú drekktir	2pl	þér drekktið
3sg	hon drekkti	3pl	þau drekktu	3sg	hon drekkti	3pl	þau drekkti
preterite infinitive				drekktu
past participle		f.	drekkt	m.	drekktr	n.	drekkt
imperative		2sg	drekk	1pl	drekkjum	2pl	drekkið

middle voice: drekkjask “sink, be submerged”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek drekkjumk	1pl	vér drekkjumk	1sg	ek drekkjumk	1pl	vér drekkimk
2sg	þú drekkisk	2pl	þér drekkizk	2sg	þú drekkisk	2pl	þér drekkizk
3sg	hon drekkisk	3pl	þau drekkjask	3sg	hon drekkisk	3pl	þau drekkisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek drekktumk	1pl	vér drekktumk	1sg	ek drekktumk	1pl	vér drekktimk
2sg	þú drekktisk	2pl	þér drekktuzk	2sg	þú drekktisk	2pl	þér drekktizk
3sg	hon drekktisk	3pl	þau drekktusk	3sg	hon drekktisk	3pl	þau drekktisk
		past participle		n.	drekkzk
imperative		2sg	drekkzk	1pl	drekkjumk	2pl	drekkizk

PG *drankijaną, OE drencan 1 “give to drink,” ME drenchen, MnE drench, Dutch drenken, German tränken. Causative of drekka III “drink.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

dreyma 1 (long stem) “dream”

“appear in a dream”

common

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dreymi	1pl	vér dreymum	1sg	ek dreyma	1pl	vér dreymim
2sg	þú dreymir	2pl	þér dreymið	2sg	þú dreymir	2pl	þér dreymið
3sg	hon dreymir	3pl	þau dreyma	3sg	hon dreymi	3pl	þau dreymi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dreymða	1pl	vér dreymðum	1sg	ek dreymða	1pl	vér dreymðim
2sg	þú dreymðir	2pl	þér dreymðuð	2sg	þú dreymðir	2pl	þér dreymðið
3sg	hon dreymði	3pl	þau dreymðu	3sg	hon dreymði	3pl	þau dreymði
preterite infinitive				dreymðu
past participle		f.	dreymð	m.	dreymðr	n.	dreymt
imperative		2sg	dreym	1pl	dreymum	2pl	dreymið

middle voice: dreymask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dreymumk	1pl	vér dreymumk	1sg	ek dreymumk	1pl	vér dreymimk
2sg	þú dreymisk	2pl	þér dreymizk	2sg	þú dreymisk	2pl	þér dreymizk
3sg	hon dreymisk	3pl	þau dreymask	3sg	hon dreymisk	3pl	þau dreymisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dreymðumk	1pl	vér dreymðumk	1sg	ek dreymðumk	1pl	vér dreymðimk
2sg	þú dreymðisk	2pl	þér dreymðuzk	2sg	þú dreymðisk	2pl	þér dreymðizk
3sg	hon dreymðisk	3pl	þau dreymðusk	3sg	hon dreymðisk	3pl	þau dreymðisk
		past participle		n.	dreymzk
imperative		2sg	dreymsk	1pl	dreymumk	2pl	dreymizk

PG *draumijaną, Dutch dromen, German träumen, derived from the noun PG *draumaz, ON draumr, Dutch droom, German Traum. The same sense is not attested for OE drēam “joy,” and so it is unclear whether the noun ME drēm, MnE dream was inherited from PG or borrowed from ON. Accordingly, the verb ME drēmen, MnE dream either represents PG *draumijaną or derives from the ME noun. Preterite variant dreymdi, participle dreymdr.

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

dvelja 1 (short stem) “stay, tarry”

“delay, hinder; put off”

frequent

transitive (acc)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dvel	1pl	vér dveljum	1sg	ek dvelja	1pl	vér dvelim
2sg	þú dvelr	2pl	þér dvelið	2sg	þú dvelir	2pl	þér dvelið
3sg	hon dvelr	3pl	þau dvelja	3sg	hon dveli	3pl	þau dveli
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dvalða	1pl	vér dvǫlðum	1sg	ek dvelða	1pl	vér dvelðim
2sg	þú dvalðir	2pl	þér dvǫlðuð	2sg	þú dvelðir	2pl	þér dvelðið
3sg	hon dvalði	3pl	þau dvǫlðu	3sg	hon dvelði	3pl	þau dvelði
preterite infinitive				dvǫlðu
past participle		f.	dvǫl(i)ð	m.	dval(i)ðr	n.	dval(i)t
imperative		2sg	dvel	1pl	dveljum	2pl	dvelið

middle voice: dveljask “stay, tarry; be prevented”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dveljumk	1pl	vér dveljumk	1sg	ek dveljumk	1pl	vér dvelimk
2sg	þú dvelsk	2pl	þér dvelizk	2sg	þú dvelisk	2pl	þér dvelizk
3sg	hon dvelsk	3pl	þau dveljask	3sg	hon dvelisk	3pl	þau dvelisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dvǫlðumk	1pl	vér dvǫlðumk	1sg	ek dvelðumk	1pl	vér dvelðimk
2sg	þú dvalðisk	2pl	þér dvǫlðuzk	2sg	þú dvelðisk	2pl	þér dvelðizk
3sg	hon dvalðisk	3pl	þau dvǫlðusk	3sg	hon dvelðisk	3pl	þau dvelðisk
		past participle		n.	dval(i)zk
imperative		2sg	dvelsk	1pl	dveljumk	2pl	dvelizk

PG *dwaljaną, OE dwellan 1, ME dwellen, MnE dwell. Preterite variant dvaldi, participle dvaldr, strong dvalinn. Cf. dvala 2 “stay, tarry.”

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

dylja 1 (short stem) “keep sbd in the dark”

“conceal”

frequent

transitive (acc of person, gen of information/dat of thing hidden)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dyl	1pl	vér dyljum	1sg	ek dylja	1pl	vér dylim
2sg	þú dylr	2pl	þér dylið	2sg	þú dylir	2pl	þér dylið
3sg	hon dylr	3pl	þau dylja	3sg	hon dyli	3pl	þau dyli
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dulða	1pl	vér dulðum	1sg	ek dylða	1pl	vér dylðim
2sg	þú dulðir	2pl	þér dulðuð	2sg	þú dylðir	2pl	þér dylðið
3sg	hon dulði	3pl	þau dulðu	3sg	hon dylði	3pl	þau dylði
preterite infinitive				dulðu
past participle		f.	dul(i)ð	m.	dul(i)ðr	n.	dul(i)t
imperative		2sg	dyl	1pl	dyljum	2pl	dylið

middle voice: dyljask “be in hiding; conceal one’s identity”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dyljumk	1pl	vér dyljumk	1sg	ek dyljumk	1pl	vér dylimk
2sg	þú dylsk	2pl	þér dylizk	2sg	þú dylisk	2pl	þér dylizk
3sg	hon dylsk	3pl	þau dyljask	3sg	hon dylisk	3pl	þau dylisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dulðumk	1pl	vér dulðumk	1sg	ek dylðumk	1pl	vér dylðimk
2sg	þú dulðisk	2pl	þér dulðuzk	2sg	þú dylðisk	2pl	þér dylðizk
3sg	hon dulðisk	3pl	þau dulðusk	3sg	hon dylðisk	3pl	þau dylðisk
		past participle		n.	dul(i)zk
imperative		2sg	dylsk	1pl	dyljumk	2pl	dylizk

PG *duljaną; source of ME dillen. Preterite variant strong dulinn. Cf. hylja 1.

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

dynja 1 (short stem) “thunder, crack, resound”

“whoosh; gush, pour”

less common

intransitive/impersonal intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dyn	1pl	vér dynjum	1sg	ek dynja	1pl	vér dynim
2sg	þú dynr	2pl	þér dynið	2sg	þú dynir	2pl	þér dynið
3sg	hon dynr	3pl	þau dynja	3sg	hon dyni	3pl	þau dyni
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dunða	1pl	vér dunðum	1sg	ek dynða	1pl	vér dynðim
2sg	þú dunðir	2pl	þér dunðuð	2sg	þú dynðir	2pl	þér dynðið
3sg	hon dunði	3pl	þau dunðu	3sg	hon dynði	3pl	þau dynði
preterite infinitive				dunðu
past participle		f.	dun(i)ð	m.	dun(i)ðr	n.	dun(i)t
imperative		2sg	dyn	1pl	dynjum	2pl	dynið

PG *dunjaną, OE dynnan 1, dynian 2, ME dinen, MnE din. Preterite variant dundi, participle dundr.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active

dýja 1 (short stem) “shake, toss”

rare

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dý	1pl	vér dýjum	1sg	ek dýja	1pl	vér dýim
2sg	þú dýr	2pl	þér dýið	2sg	þú dýir	2pl	þér dýið
3sg	hon dýr	3pl	þau dýja	3sg	hon dýi	3pl	þau dýi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dúða	1pl	vér dúðum	1sg	ek dýða	1pl	vér dýðim
2sg	þú dúðir	2pl	þér dúðuð	2sg	þú dýðir	2pl	þér dýðið
3sg	hon dúði	3pl	þau dúðu	3sg	hon dýði	3pl	þau dýði
preterite infinitive				dúðu
past participle		f.	dú(i)ð	m.	dú(i)ðr	n.	dú(i)t
imperative		2sg	dý	1pl	dýjum	2pl	dýið

middle voice: dýjask “shudder”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dýjumk	1pl	vér dýjumk	1sg	ek dýjumk	1pl	vér dýimk
2sg	þú dýsk	2pl	þér dýizk	2sg	þú dýisk	2pl	þér dýizk
3sg	hon dýsk	3pl	þau dýjask	3sg	hon dýisk	3pl	þau dýisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dúðumk	1pl	vér dúðumk	1sg	ek dýðumk	1pl	vér dýðimk
2sg	þú dúðisk	2pl	þér dúðuzk	2sg	þú dýðisk	2pl	þér dýðizk
3sg	hon dúðisk	3pl	þau dúðusk	3sg	hon dýðisk	3pl	þau dýðisk
		past participle		n.	dú(i)zk
imperative		2sg	dýsk	1pl	dýjumk	2pl	dýizk

PG *dūijaną.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

dœma 1 (long stem) “judge, convict”

“opine; converse”

frequent

transitive (acc)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dœmi	1pl	vér dœmum	1sg	ek dœma	1pl	vér dœmim
2sg	þú dœmir	2pl	þér dœmið	2sg	þú dœmir	2pl	þér dœmið
3sg	hon dœmir	3pl	þau dœma	3sg	hon dœmi	3pl	þau dœmi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dœmða	1pl	vér dœmðum	1sg	ek dœmða	1pl	vér dœmðim
2sg	þú dœmðir	2pl	þér dœmðuð	2sg	þú dœmðir	2pl	þér dœmðið
3sg	hon dœmði	3pl	þau dœmðu	3sg	hon dœmði	3pl	þau dœmði
preterite infinitive				dœmðu
past participle		f.	dœmð	m.	dœmðr	n.	dœmt
imperative		2sg	dœm	1pl	dœmum	2pl	dœmið

middle voice: dœmask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dœmumk	1pl	vér dœmumk	1sg	ek dœmumk	1pl	vér dœmimk
2sg	þú dœmisk	2pl	þér dœmizk	2sg	þú dœmisk	2pl	þér dœmizk
3sg	hon dœmisk	3pl	þau dœmask	3sg	hon dœmisk	3pl	þau dœmisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dœmðumk	1pl	vér dœmðumk	1sg	ek dœmðumk	1pl	vér dœmðimk
2sg	þú dœmðisk	2pl	þér dœmðuzk	2sg	þú dœmðisk	2pl	þér dœmðizk
3sg	hon dœmðisk	3pl	þau dœmðusk	3sg	hon dœmðisk	3pl	þau dœmðisk
		past participle		n.	dœmzk
imperative		2sg	dœmsk	1pl	dœmumk	2pl	dœmizk

PG *dōmijaną, OE dēman 1, ME dēmen, MnE deem, Dutch doemen, derived from the noun PG dōmaz, ON dómr, OE dōm, ME dōm, MnE doom, Dutch doem. Preterite variant dœmdi, participle dœmdr.

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

efla 1 (long stem) “strengthen, reinforce”

“support, supply; repair; found, establish; gather, raise; encourage; instigate; carry out; be capable”

frequent

transitive (acc/dat: differs by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek efli	1pl	vér eflum	1sg	ek efla	1pl	vér eflim
2sg	þú eflir	2pl	þér eflið	2sg	þú eflir	2pl	þér eflið
3sg	hon eflir	3pl	þau efla	3sg	hon efli	3pl	þau efli
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek eflda	1pl	vér efldum	1sg	ek eflda	1pl	vér efldim
2sg	þú efldir	2pl	þér eflduð	2sg	þú efldir	2pl	þér efldið
3sg	hon efldi	3pl	þau efldu	3sg	hon efldi	3pl	þau efldi
preterite infinitive				efldu
past participle		f.	efld	m.	efldr	n.	eflt
imperative		2sg	efl	1pl	eflum	2pl	eflið

middle voice: eflask “grow strong, mobilize”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek eflumk	1pl	vér eflumk	1sg	ek eflumk	1pl	vér eflimk
2sg	þú eflisk	2pl	þér eflizk	2sg	þú eflisk	2pl	þér eflizk
3sg	hon eflisk	3pl	þau eflask	3sg	hon eflisk	3pl	þau eflisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek efldumk	1pl	vér efldumk	1sg	ek efldumk	1pl	vér efldimk
2sg	þú efldisk	2pl	þér eflduzk	2sg	þú efldisk	2pl	þér efldizk
3sg	hon efldisk	3pl	þau efldusk	3sg	hon efldisk	3pl	þau efldisk
		past participle		n.	eflzk
imperative		2sg	eflsk	1pl	eflumk	2pl	eflizk

PG *afljaną; shares a root with the noun PG *aflą, ON afl (source of rare OE afol, ME āvel “strength”), and thus also the ON verb afla 2 “earn”; further the Latin noun opus “work.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

elda 1 (long stem) “light, kindle”

“heat, cook; light up; result; grow old”

less common

transitive (acc)/impersonal intransitive (acc/dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek eldi	1pl	vér eldum	1sg	ek elda	1pl	vér eldim
2sg	þú eldir	2pl	þér eldið	2sg	þú eldir	2pl	þér eldið
3sg	hon eldir	3pl	þau elda	3sg	hon eldi	3pl	þau eldi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek elda	1pl	vér eldum	1sg	ek elda	1pl	vér eldim
2sg	þú eldir	2pl	þér elduð	2sg	þú eldir	2pl	þér eldið
3sg	hon eldi	3pl	þau eldu	3sg	hon eldi	3pl	þau eldi
preterite infinitive				eldu
past participle		f.	eld	m.	eldr	n.	elt
imperative		2sg	elt	1pl	eldum	2pl	eldið

middle voice: eldask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek eldumk	1pl	vér eldumk	1sg	ek eldumk	1pl	vér eldimk
2sg	þú eldisk	2pl	þér eldizk	2sg	þú eldisk	2pl	þér eldizk
3sg	hon eldisk	3pl	þau eldask	3sg	hon eldisk	3pl	þau eldisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek eldumk	1pl	vér eldumk	1sg	ek eldumk	1pl	vér eldimk
2sg	þú eldisk	2pl	þér elduzk	2sg	þú eldisk	2pl	þér eldizk
3sg	hon eldisk	3pl	þau eldusk	3sg	hon eldisk	3pl	þau eldisk
		past participle		n.	elzk
imperative		2sg	elzk	1pl	eldumk	2pl	eldizk

Sense “light, kindle”: derived from the noun PG *ailidaz, ON eldr, OE ǣled, rare ME ēld “fire.” Sense “grow old”: PG *aldijaną, OE yldan 1 “delay”; derived from the adjective PG *aldaz “grown up,” OE eald, ME ōlde, MnE old, Dutch oud, German alt, which also gave rise to Dutch verouderen, German altern “grow old.” A class VIIc strong verb alda is attested as a participial adjective aldinn “old” only.

final devoicing  ·  cluster reduction

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

elta 1 (long stem) “drive”

“pursue, chase; hunt; mold, knead; mix; rub”

frequent

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek elti	1pl	vér eltum	1sg	ek elta	1pl	vér eltim
2sg	þú eltir	2pl	þér eltið	2sg	þú eltir	2pl	þér eltið
3sg	hon eltir	3pl	þau elta	3sg	hon elti	3pl	þau elti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek elta	1pl	vér eltum	1sg	ek elta	1pl	vér eltim
2sg	þú eltir	2pl	þér eltuð	2sg	þú eltir	2pl	þér eltið
3sg	hon elti	3pl	þau eltu	3sg	hon elti	3pl	þau elti
preterite infinitive				eltu
past participle		f.	elt	m.	eltr	n.	elt
imperative		2sg	elt	1pl	eltum	2pl	eltið

middle voice: eltask “chase; flee”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek eltumk	1pl	vér eltumk	1sg	ek eltumk	1pl	vér eltimk
2sg	þú eltisk	2pl	þér eltizk	2sg	þú eltisk	2pl	þér eltizk
3sg	hon eltisk	3pl	þau eltask	3sg	hon eltisk	3pl	þau eltisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek eltumk	1pl	vér eltumk	1sg	ek eltumk	1pl	vér eltimk
2sg	þú eltisk	2pl	þér eltuzk	2sg	þú eltisk	2pl	þér eltizk
3sg	hon eltisk	3pl	þau eltusk	3sg	hon eltisk	3pl	þau eltisk
		past participle		n.	elzk
imperative		2sg	elzk	1pl	eltumk	2pl	eltizk

PG *alatjaną; source of ME elten.

assimilation  ·  cluster reduction

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

enda 1 (long stem) “end”

“delimit; keep, fulfil; deprive”

frequent

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc/dat: differs by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek endi	1pl	vér endum	1sg	ek enda	1pl	vér endim
2sg	þú endir	2pl	þér endið	2sg	þú endir	2pl	þér endið
3sg	hon endir	3pl	þau enda	3sg	hon endi	3pl	þau endi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek enda	1pl	vér endum	1sg	ek enda	1pl	vér endim
2sg	þú endir	2pl	þér enduð	2sg	þú endir	2pl	þér endið
3sg	hon endi	3pl	þau endu	3sg	hon endi	3pl	þau endi
preterite infinitive				endu
past participle		f.	end	m.	endr	n.	ent
imperative		2sg	ent	1pl	endum	2pl	endið

middle voice: endask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek endumk	1pl	vér endumk	1sg	ek endumk	1pl	vér endimk
2sg	þú endisk	2pl	þér endizk	2sg	þú endisk	2pl	þér endizk
3sg	hon endisk	3pl	þau endask	3sg	hon endisk	3pl	þau endisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek endumk	1pl	vér endumk	1sg	ek endumk	1pl	vér endimk
2sg	þú endisk	2pl	þér enduzk	2sg	þú endisk	2pl	þér endizk
3sg	hon endisk	3pl	þau endusk	3sg	hon endisk	3pl	þau endisk
		past participle		n.	enzk
imperative		2sg	enzk	1pl	endumk	2pl	endizk

PG *andijōną, OE endian 2, ME nden, MnE end, Dutch eindigen, German enden; derived from the noun PG *andijaz, ON endir, OE ende, ME nde, MnE end, Dutch einde, German Ende. Also found as class 2 weak (endaði, endaðr).

fortition  ·  cluster reduction

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive