bera IV “carry, bear”

“wear; endure; give birth to; bring forth; declare, deliver; show, behave; suit; bring to bear; happen, turn out; fall to one’s lot”

core vocabulary

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc/dat: differs by sense)/impersonal intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek ber	1pl	vér berum	1sg	ek bera	1pl	vér berim
2sg	þú berr	2pl	þér berið	2sg	þú berir	2pl	þér berið
3sg	hon berr	3pl	þau bera	3sg	hon beri	3pl	þau beri
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bar	1pl	vér bárum	1sg	ek bæra	1pl	vér bærim
2sg	þú bart	2pl	þér báruð	2sg	þú bærir	2pl	þér bærið
3sg	hon bar	3pl	þau báru	3sg	hon bæri	3pl	þau bæri
preterite infinitive				báru
past participle		f.	borin	m.	borinn	n.	borit
imperative		2sg	ber	1pl	berum	2pl	berið

middle voice: berask “behave; move, go; give way, give up; be born; be proven; happen, fall to one’s lot”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek berumk	1pl	vér berumk	1sg	ek berumk	1pl	vér berimk
2sg	þú bersk	2pl	þér berizk	2sg	þú berisk	2pl	þér berizk
3sg	hon bersk	3pl	þau berask	3sg	hon berisk	3pl	þau berisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bárumk	1pl	vér bárumk	1sg	ek bærumk	1pl	vér bærimk
2sg	þú barzk	2pl	þér báruzk	2sg	þú bærisk	2pl	þér bærizk
3sg	hon barsk	3pl	þau bárusk	3sg	hon bærisk	3pl	þau bærisk
		past participle		n.	borizk
imperative		2sg	bersk	1pl	berumk	2pl	berizk

PG *beraną, OE beran IV, ME bēren, MnE bear, partly weak Dutch baren, German gebären, Latin ferre. Forms coinciding with those of berja 1 “strike, beat” include much of the present subjunctive and imperative systems as well as the present 2pl. Cf. class 2 weak bera “bare.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

fela IV “hide, bury”

“entrust”

frequent

transitive (acc; dat of trustee)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek fel	1pl	vér felum	1sg	ek fela	1pl	vér felim
2sg	þú felr	2pl	þér felið	2sg	þú felir	2pl	þér felið
3sg	hon felr	3pl	þau fela	3sg	hon feli	3pl	þau feli
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek fal	1pl	vér fálum	1sg	ek fæla	1pl	vér fælim
2sg	þú falt	2pl	þér fáluð	2sg	þú fælir	2pl	þér fælið
3sg	hon fal	3pl	þau fálu	3sg	hon fæli	3pl	þau fæli
preterite infinitive				fálu
past participle		f.	fólgin	m.	fólginn	n.	fólgit
imperative		2sg	fel	1pl	felum	2pl	felið

middle voice: felask “hide oneself; entrust oneself; surrender”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek felumk	1pl	vér felumk	1sg	ek felumk	1pl	vér felimk
2sg	þú felsk	2pl	þér felizk	2sg	þú felisk	2pl	þér felizk
3sg	hon felsk	3pl	þau felask	3sg	hon felisk	3pl	þau felisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek fálumk	1pl	vér fálumk	1sg	ek fælumk	1pl	vér fælimk
2sg	þú falzk	2pl	þér fáluzk	2sg	þú fælisk	2pl	þér fælizk
3sg	hon falsk	3pl	þau fálusk	3sg	hon fælisk	3pl	þau fælisk
		past participle		n.	fólgizk
imperative		2sg	felsk	1pl	felumk	2pl	felizk

PG *felhaną, OE fēolan III “make one’s way; stick,” with which it combined into ME fēlen. Participial variant folginn.

vowel lengthening  ·  assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

koma IV “come”

“reach, happen; lead, bring”

core vocabulary

intransitive/transitive (dat)/impersonal intransitive/impersonal transitive (dat/acc: differs by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek køm	1pl	vér komum	1sg	ek koma	1pl	vér komim
2sg	þú kømr	2pl	þér komið	2sg	þú komir	2pl	þér komið
3sg	hon kømr	3pl	þau koma	3sg	hon komi	3pl	þau komi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek kom	1pl	vér kvámum	1sg	ek kvæma	1pl	vér kvæmim
2sg	þú komt	2pl	þér kvámuð	2sg	þú kvæmir	2pl	þér kvæmið
3sg	hon kom	3pl	þau kvámu	3sg	hon kvæmi	3pl	þau kvæmi
preterite infinitive				kvámu
past participle		f.	komin	m.	kominn	n.	komit
imperative		2sg	kom	1pl	komum	2pl	komið

middle voice: komask “make it through; end up”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek komumk	1pl	vér komumk	1sg	ek komumk	1pl	vér komimk
2sg	þú kømsk	2pl	þér komizk	2sg	þú komisk	2pl	þér komizk
3sg	hon kømsk	3pl	þau komask	3sg	hon komisk	3pl	þau komisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek kvámumk	1pl	vér kvámumk	1sg	ek kvæmumk	1pl	vér kvæmimk
2sg	þú komzk	2pl	þér kvámuzk	2sg	þú kvæmisk	2pl	þér kvæmizk
3sg	hon komsk	3pl	þau kvámusk	3sg	hon kvæmisk	3pl	þau kvæmisk
		past participle		n.	komizk
imperative		2sg	komsk	1pl	komumk	2pl	komizk

PG *kwemaną, *kumaną, OE cuman IV, ME comen, MnE come, Dutch komen, German kommen, further Latin venīre. Variants kuma, present kemr, preterite kvam, plural kómu. Note the o of the first principal part, unusual for this class but due to the PG alternant.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

nema IV “take”

“touch, hit; take hold; rob; obstruct; hear, learn; study; memorize”

frequent

transitive (acc)/impersonal intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek nem	1pl	vér nemum	1sg	ek nema	1pl	vér nemim
2sg	þú nemr	2pl	þér nemið	2sg	þú nemir	2pl	þér nemið
3sg	hon nemr	3pl	þau nema	3sg	hon nemi	3pl	þau nemi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek nam	1pl	vér námum	1sg	ek næma	1pl	vér næmim
2sg	þú namt	2pl	þér námuð	2sg	þú næmir	2pl	þér næmið
3sg	hon nam	3pl	þau námu	3sg	hon næmi	3pl	þau næmi
preterite infinitive				námu
past participle		f.	numin	m.	numinn	n.	numit
imperative		2sg	nem	1pl	nemum	2pl	nemið

middle voice: nemask “take; cease, stop; refrain, refuse; learn”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek nemumk	1pl	vér nemumk	1sg	ek nemumk	1pl	vér nemimk
2sg	þú nemsk	2pl	þér nemizk	2sg	þú nemisk	2pl	þér nemizk
3sg	hon nemsk	3pl	þau nemask	3sg	hon nemisk	3pl	þau nemisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek námumk	1pl	vér námumk	1sg	ek næmumk	1pl	vér næmimk
2sg	þú namzk	2pl	þér námuzk	2sg	þú næmisk	2pl	þér næmizk
3sg	hon namsk	3pl	þau námusk	3sg	hon næmisk	3pl	þau næmisk
		past participle		n.	numizk
imperative		2sg	nemsk	1pl	nemumk	2pl	nemizk

PG *nemaną, OE niman IV, ME nimen, Dutch nemen, German nehmen. Earlier participle nominn; preterite plural variant nómu.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

skera IV “cut”

“slaughter; determine; lead”

frequent

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek sker	1pl	vér skerum	1sg	ek skera	1pl	vér skerim
2sg	þú skerr	2pl	þér skerið	2sg	þú skerir	2pl	þér skerið
3sg	hon skerr	3pl	þau skera	3sg	hon skeri	3pl	þau skeri
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skar	1pl	vér skárum	1sg	ek skæra	1pl	vér skærim
2sg	þú skart	2pl	þér skáruð	2sg	þú skærir	2pl	þér skærið
3sg	hon skar	3pl	þau skáru	3sg	hon skæri	3pl	þau skæri
preterite infinitive				skáru
past participle		f.	skorin	m.	skorinn	n.	skorit
imperative		2sg	sker	1pl	skerum	2pl	skerið

middle voice: skerask “encroach; separate out”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek skerumk	1pl	vér skerumk	1sg	ek skerumk	1pl	vér skerimk
2sg	þú skersk	2pl	þér skerizk	2sg	þú skerisk	2pl	þér skerizk
3sg	hon skersk	3pl	þau skerask	3sg	hon skerisk	3pl	þau skerisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skárumk	1pl	vér skárumk	1sg	ek skærumk	1pl	vér skærimk
2sg	þú skarzk	2pl	þér skáruzk	2sg	þú skærisk	2pl	þér skærizk
3sg	hon skarsk	3pl	þau skárusk	3sg	hon skærisk	3pl	þau skærisk
		past participle		n.	skorizk
imperative		2sg	skersk	1pl	skerumk	2pl	skerizk

PG *skeraną, OE sceran IV, ME shēren, partly weak MnE shear, Dutch, German scheren. Shares a root with PG *skurōjaną, ON skora 2 “carve,” which see.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

sløkkva IV “go out (of fire)”

fragmentarily attested

intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek sløkk	1pl	vér sløkkum	1sg	ek sløkkva	1pl	vér sløkkvim
2sg	þú sløkkr	2pl	þér sløkkvið	2sg	þú sløkkvir	2pl	þér sløkkvið
3sg	hon sløkkr	3pl	þau sløkkva	3sg	hon sløkkvi	3pl	þau sløkkvi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek slak	1pl	vér slákum	1sg	ek slæka	1pl	vér slækim
2sg	þú slakt	2pl	þér slákuð	2sg	þú slækir	2pl	þér slækið
3sg	hon slak	3pl	þau sláku	3sg	hon slæki	3pl	þau slæki
preterite infinitive				sláku
past participle		f.	slokin	m.	slokinn	n.	slokit
imperative		2sg	sløkk	1pl	sløkkum	2pl	sløkkvið

PG *slekwaną. The reconstruction is conjectural: only the past participle is attested. More commonly found is its causative sløkkva 1 “extinguish,” which see for cognates.

assimilation  ·  semivowel loss

Corpus search: present active / preterite active

sofa IV “sleep”

frequent

intransitive/impersonal transitive (dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek søf	1pl	vér sofum	1sg	ek sofa	1pl	vér sofim
2sg	þú søfr	2pl	þér sofið	2sg	þú sofir	2pl	þér sofið
3sg	hon søfr	3pl	þau sofa	3sg	hon sofi	3pl	þau sofi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek svaf	1pl	vér sváfum	1sg	ek svæfa	1pl	vér svæfim
2sg	þú svaft	2pl	þér sváfuð	2sg	þú svæfir	2pl	þér svæfið
3sg	hon svaf	3pl	þau sváfu	3sg	hon svæfi	3pl	þau svæfi
preterite infinitive				sváfu
past participle		f.	sofin	m.	sofinn	n.	sofit
imperative		2sg	sof	1pl	sofum	2pl	sofið

middle voice: sofask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek sofumk	1pl	vér sofumk	1sg	ek sofumk	1pl	vér sofimk
2sg	þú søfsk	2pl	þér sofizk	2sg	þú sofisk	2pl	þér sofizk
3sg	hon søfsk	3pl	þau sofask	3sg	hon sofisk	3pl	þau sofisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek sváfumk	1pl	vér sváfumk	1sg	ek svæfumk	1pl	vér svæfimk
2sg	þú svafzk	2pl	þér sváfuzk	2sg	þú svæfisk	2pl	þér svæfizk
3sg	hon svafsk	3pl	þau sváfusk	3sg	hon svæfisk	3pl	þau svæfisk
		past participle		n.	sofizk
imperative		2sg	sofsk	1pl	sofumk	2pl	sofizk

PG *sufaną (replaced by *swefaną in the English line of transmission), OE swefan IV, ME swēven “put to sleep,” further Latin sōpīre “put to sleep.” Shares a root with syfja 2 “become sleepy” and nouns like PG *swefnaz, ON svefn, OE swefen “sleep; dream,” sweven “dream,” Latin somnus “sleep; dream.” Present variant sefr, preterite plural sófu. Note the o of the first principal part, unusual for this class but due to the PG.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

stela IV “steal, rob”

frequent

transitive (dat of victim, acc of thing)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek stel	1pl	vér stelum	1sg	ek stela	1pl	vér stelim
2sg	þú stelr	2pl	þér stelið	2sg	þú stelir	2pl	þér stelið
3sg	hon stelr	3pl	þau stela	3sg	hon steli	3pl	þau steli
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek stal	1pl	vér stálum	1sg	ek stæla	1pl	vér stælim
2sg	þú stalt	2pl	þér stáluð	2sg	þú stælir	2pl	þér stælið
3sg	hon stal	3pl	þau stálu	3sg	hon stæli	3pl	þau stæli
preterite infinitive				stálu
past participle		f.	stolin	m.	stolinn	n.	stolit
imperative		2sg	stel	1pl	stelum	2pl	stelið

middle voice: stelask “move (in) stealthily”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek stelumk	1pl	vér stelumk	1sg	ek stelumk	1pl	vér stelimk
2sg	þú stelsk	2pl	þér stelizk	2sg	þú stelisk	2pl	þér stelizk
3sg	hon stelsk	3pl	þau stelask	3sg	hon stelisk	3pl	þau stelisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek stálumk	1pl	vér stálumk	1sg	ek stælumk	1pl	vér stælimk
2sg	þú stalzk	2pl	þér stáluzk	2sg	þú stælisk	2pl	þér stælizk
3sg	hon stalsk	3pl	þau stálusk	3sg	hon stælisk	3pl	þau stælisk
		past participle		n.	stolizk
imperative		2sg	stelsk	1pl	stelumk	2pl	stelizk

PG *stelaną, OE stelan IV, ME stēlen, MnE steal, Dutch stelen, German stehlen. Present variants stell, stel.

assimilation  ·  cluster reduction

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

svima IV “swim”

“stray; wallow”

less common

intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek svim	1pl	vér svimum	1sg	ek svima	1pl	vér svimim
2sg	þú svimr	2pl	þér svimið	2sg	þú svimir	2pl	þér svimið
3sg	hon svimr	3pl	þau svima	3sg	hon svimi	3pl	þau svimi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek svam	1pl	vér svámum	1sg	ek svæma	1pl	vér svæmim
2sg	þú svamt	2pl	þér svámuð	2sg	þú svæmir	2pl	þér svæmið
3sg	hon svam	3pl	þau svámu	3sg	hon svæmi	3pl	þau svæmi
preterite infinitive				svámu
past participle		f.	sumin	m.	suminn	n.	sumit
imperative		2sg	svim	1pl	svimum	2pl	svimið

middle voice: svimask “swindle”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek svimumk	1pl	vér svimumk	1sg	ek svimumk	1pl	vér svimimk
2sg	þú svimsk	2pl	þér svimizk	2sg	þú svimisk	2pl	þér svimizk
3sg	hon svimsk	3pl	þau svimask	3sg	hon svimisk	3pl	þau svimisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek svámumk	1pl	vér svámumk	1sg	ek svæmumk	1pl	vér svæmimk
2sg	þú svamzk	2pl	þér svámuzk	2sg	þú svæmisk	2pl	þér svæmizk
3sg	hon svamsk	3pl	þau svámusk	3sg	hon svæmisk	3pl	þau svæmisk
		past participle		n.	sumizk
imperative		2sg	svimsk	1pl	svimumk	2pl	svimizk

PG *swimmaną, OE swimman III, ME swimmen, MnE swim, Dutch zwemmen, German schwimmen. Variants symja, participle sviminn. Also occurs as svimma III and class 2 weak svima; shares a root with weak synda 1 “swim.”

semivowel loss

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

troða IV “tread”

“stuff”

frequent

transitive (acc/dat: differs by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek trøð	1pl	vér troðum	1sg	ek troða	1pl	vér troðim
2sg	þú trøðr	2pl	þér troðið	2sg	þú troðir	2pl	þér troðið
3sg	hon trøðr	3pl	þau troða	3sg	hon troði	3pl	þau troði
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek trað	1pl	vér tráðum	1sg	ek træða	1pl	vér træðim
2sg	þú tratt	2pl	þér tráðuð	2sg	þú træðir	2pl	þér træðið
3sg	hon trað	3pl	þau tráðu	3sg	hon træði	3pl	þau træði
preterite infinitive				tráðu
past participle		f.	troðin	m.	troðinn	n.	troðit
imperative		2sg	troð	1pl	troðum	2pl	troðið

middle voice: troðask “throng”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek troðumk	1pl	vér troðumk	1sg	ek troðumk	1pl	vér troðimk
2sg	þú trøzk	2pl	þér troðizk	2sg	þú troðisk	2pl	þér troðizk
3sg	hon trøzk	3pl	þau troðask	3sg	hon troðisk	3pl	þau troðisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek tráðumk	1pl	vér tráðumk	1sg	ek træðumk	1pl	vér træðimk
2sg	þú trazk	2pl	þér tráðuzk	2sg	þú træðisk	2pl	þér træðizk
3sg	hon trazk	3pl	þau tráðusk	3sg	hon træðisk	3pl	þau træðisk
		past participle		n.	troðizk
imperative		2sg	trozk	1pl	troðumk	2pl	troðizk

PG *tredaną, *trudaną, OE tredan IV, ME trēden, MnE tread, Dutch treden, German treten. Present variant treðr. Note the o of the first principal part, unusual for this class but due to the PG alternant.

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

vefa IV “weave”

less common

transitive (acc)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek vef	1pl	vér vefum	1sg	ek vefa	1pl	vér vefim
2sg	þú vefr	2pl	þér vefið	2sg	þú vefir	2pl	þér vefið
3sg	hon vefr	3pl	þau vefa	3sg	hon vefi	3pl	þau vefi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek vaf	1pl	vér váfum	1sg	ek væfa	1pl	vér væfim
2sg	þú vaft	2pl	þér váfuð	2sg	þú væfir	2pl	þér væfið
3sg	hon vaf	3pl	þau váfu	3sg	hon væfi	3pl	þau væfi
preterite infinitive				váfu
past participle		f.	ofin	m.	ofinn	n.	ofit
imperative		2sg	vef	1pl	vefum	2pl	vefið

middle voice: vefask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek vefumk	1pl	vér vefumk	1sg	ek vefumk	1pl	vér vefimk
2sg	þú vefsk	2pl	þér vefizk	2sg	þú vefisk	2pl	þér vefizk
3sg	hon vefsk	3pl	þau vefask	3sg	hon vefisk	3pl	þau vefisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek váfumk	1pl	vér váfumk	1sg	ek væfumk	1pl	vér væfimk
2sg	þú vafzk	2pl	þér váfuzk	2sg	þú væfisk	2pl	þér væfizk
3sg	hon vafsk	3pl	þau váfusk	3sg	hon væfisk	3pl	þau væfisk
		past participle		n.	ofizk
imperative		2sg	vefsk	1pl	vefumk	2pl	vefizk

PG *webaną, OE wefan IV, ME wēven, increasingly weak MnE weave, partly weak Dutch weven, German weben. The causative is vefja 1 “wrap.” Preterite variants óf, ófu, subjunctive œfi, participle vofinn.

semivowel loss

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive