eiga pretpres (I) “own”

“have as a wife; be obliged; owe; have as a duty; have intercourse with; hold; be engaged in; be entitled to”

core vocabulary

transitive (acc)/impersonal transitive (dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek á	1pl	vér eigum	1sg	ek eiga	1pl	vér eigim
2sg	þú átt	2pl	þér eiguð	2sg	þú eigir	2pl	þér eigið
3sg	hon á	3pl	þau eigu	3sg	hon eigi	3pl	þau eigi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek átta	1pl	vér áttum	1sg	ek ætta	1pl	vér ættim
2sg	þú áttir	2pl	þér áttuð	2sg	þú ættir	2pl	þér ættið
3sg	hon átti	3pl	þau áttu	3sg	hon ætti	3pl	þau ætti
preterite infinitive				áttu
past participle		f.	átt	m.	áttr	n.	átt
imperative		2sg	eig	1pl	eigum	2pl	eigið

middle voice: eigask “marry; be married; have intercourse”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek eigumk	1pl	vér eigumk	1sg	ek eigumk	1pl	vér eigimk
2sg	þú ázk	2pl	þér eiguzk	2sg	þú eigisk	2pl	þér eigizk
3sg	hon ásk	3pl	þau eigusk	3sg	hon eigisk	3pl	þau eigisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek áttumk	1pl	vér áttumk	1sg	ek ættumk	1pl	vér ættimk
2sg	þú áttisk	2pl	þér áttuzk	2sg	þú ættisk	2pl	þér ættizk
3sg	hon áttisk	3pl	þau áttusk	3sg	hon ættisk	3pl	þau ættisk
		past participle		n.	ázk
imperative		2sg	eigsk	1pl	eigumk	2pl	eigizk

PG *aiganą, OE āgan pretpres (I), ME ouen, weak MnE owe. Shares a root with the adjective eiginn “own,” in turn cognate with OE āgen, ME ouen, MnE own, Dutch, German eigen.

vowel lengthening  ·  consonant lengthening

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

knega pretpres (V) “know how to, be able”

“be permitted”

rare

auxiliary

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek kná	1pl	vér knegum	1sg	ek knega	1pl	vér knegim
2sg	þú knátt	2pl	þér kneguð	2sg	þú knegir	2pl	þér knegið
3sg	hon kná	3pl	þau knegu	3sg	hon knegi	3pl	þau knegi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek knátta	1pl	vér knáttum	1sg	ek knætta	1pl	vér knættim
2sg	þú knáttir	2pl	þér knáttuð	2sg	þú knættir	2pl	þér knættið
3sg	hon knátti	3pl	þau knáttu	3sg	hon knætti	3pl	þau knætti
preterite infinitive				knáttu
past participle		f.	knátt	m.	knáttr	n.	knátt
imperative		2sg	kneg	1pl	knegum	2pl	knegið

middle voice: knegask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek knegumk	1pl	vér knegumk	1sg	ek knegumk	1pl	vér knegimk
2sg	þú knázk	2pl	þér kneguzk	2sg	þú knegisk	2pl	þér knegizk
3sg	hon knásk	3pl	þau knegusk	3sg	hon knegisk	3pl	þau knegisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek knáttumk	1pl	vér knáttumk	1sg	ek knættumk	1pl	vér knættimk
2sg	þú knáttisk	2pl	þér knáttuzk	2sg	þú knættisk	2pl	þér knættizk
3sg	hon knáttisk	3pl	þau knáttusk	3sg	hon knættisk	3pl	þau knættisk
		past participle		n.	knázk
imperative		2sg	knegsk	1pl	knegumk	2pl	knegizk

PG *knēaną, OE cnāwan VII, ME knouen, MnE know, further Latin nōscere and ON kunna pretpres “know.” Past participle not attested.

vowel lengthening  ·  consonant lengthening

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

kunna pretpres (III) “know, understand, be familiar with”

“be able, capable of, proficient at; be angry or pleased with; owe (thanks)”

highly frequent

transitive (acc/dat: differs by sense; gen of cause)/auxiliary/impersonal auxiliary

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek kann	1pl	vér kunnum	1sg	ek kunna	1pl	vér kunnim
2sg	þú kannt	2pl	þér kunnuð	2sg	þú kunnir	2pl	þér kunnið
3sg	hon kann	3pl	þau kunnu	3sg	hon kunni	3pl	þau kunni
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek kunna	1pl	vér kunnum	1sg	ek kynna	1pl	vér kynnim
2sg	þú kunnir	2pl	þér kunnuð	2sg	þú kynnir	2pl	þér kynnið
3sg	hon kunni	3pl	þau kunnu	3sg	hon kynni	3pl	þau kynni
preterite infinitive				kunnu
past participle		f.	kunnað	m.	kunnaðr	n.	kunnat
imperative		2sg	kunn	1pl	kunnum	2pl	kunnið

middle voice: kunnask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek kunnumk	1pl	vér kunnumk	1sg	ek kunnumk	1pl	vér kunnimk
2sg	þú kannzk	2pl	þér kunnuzk	2sg	þú kunnisk	2pl	þér kunnizk
3sg	hon kannsk	3pl	þau kunnusk	3sg	hon kunnisk	3pl	þau kunnisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek kunnumk	1pl	vér kunnumk	1sg	ek kynnumk	1pl	vér kynnimk
2sg	þú kunnisk	2pl	þér kunnuzk	2sg	þú kynnisk	2pl	þér kynnizk
3sg	hon kunnisk	3pl	þau kunnusk	3sg	hon kynnisk	3pl	þau kynnisk
		past participle		n.	kunnazk
imperative		2sg	kunnsk	1pl	kunnumk	2pl	kunnizk

PG *kunnaną, OE cunnan pretpres (III), ME connen, MnE can, Dutch kunnen, German können, further Latin nōscere and ON knega pretpres “know how to.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

mega pretpres (V) “be able”

“be permitted; may be, be possible”

highly frequent

auxiliary/impersonal transitive (clausal object)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek má	1pl	vér megum	1sg	ek mega	1pl	vér megim
2sg	þú mátt	2pl	þér meguð	2sg	þú megir	2pl	þér megið
3sg	hon má	3pl	þau megu	3sg	hon megi	3pl	þau megi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek mátta	1pl	vér máttum	1sg	ek mætta	1pl	vér mættim
2sg	þú máttir	2pl	þér máttuð	2sg	þú mættir	2pl	þér mættið
3sg	hon mátti	3pl	þau máttu	3sg	hon mætti	3pl	þau mætti
preterite infinitive				máttu
past participle		f.	mátt	m.	máttr	n.	mátt
imperative		2sg	meg	1pl	megum	2pl	megið

middle voice: megask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek megumk	1pl	vér megumk	1sg	ek megumk	1pl	vér megimk
2sg	þú mázk	2pl	þér meguzk	2sg	þú megisk	2pl	þér megizk
3sg	hon másk	3pl	þau megusk	3sg	hon megisk	3pl	þau megisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek máttumk	1pl	vér máttumk	1sg	ek mættumk	1pl	vér mættimk
2sg	þú máttisk	2pl	þér máttuzk	2sg	þú mættisk	2pl	þér mættizk
3sg	hon máttisk	3pl	þau máttusk	3sg	hon mættisk	3pl	þau mættisk
		past participle		n.	mázk
imperative		2sg	megsk	1pl	megumk	2pl	megizk

PG *maganą, OE magan pretpres (V), ME mouen, MnE may, Dutch mogen, German mögen. Weak participial variant megaðr. Imperative not attested.

vowel lengthening  ·  consonant lengthening

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

muna pretpres (IV) “remember”

“remind”

common

transitive (acc)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek man	1pl	vér munum	1sg	ek muna	1pl	vér munim
2sg	þú mant	2pl	þér munið	2sg	þú munir	2pl	þér munið
3sg	hon man	3pl	þau muna	3sg	hon muni	3pl	þau muni
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek munða	1pl	vér munðum	1sg	ek mynða	1pl	vér mynðim
2sg	þú munðir	2pl	þér munðuð	2sg	þú mynðir	2pl	þér mynðið
3sg	hon munði	3pl	þau munðu	3sg	hon mynði	3pl	þau mynði
preterite infinitive				munðu
past participle		f.	munað	m.	munaðr	n.	munat
imperative		2sg	mun	1pl	munum	2pl	munið

middle voice: munask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek munumk	1pl	vér munumk	1sg	ek munumk	1pl	vér munimk
2sg	þú manzk	2pl	þér munizk	2sg	þú munisk	2pl	þér munizk
3sg	hon mansk	3pl	þau munask	3sg	hon munisk	3pl	þau munisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek munðumk	1pl	vér munðumk	1sg	ek mynðumk	1pl	vér mynðimk
2sg	þú munðisk	2pl	þér munðuzk	2sg	þú mynðisk	2pl	þér mynðizk
3sg	hon munðisk	3pl	þau munðusk	3sg	hon mynðisk	3pl	þau mynðisk
		past participle		n.	munazk
imperative		2sg	munsk	1pl	munumk	2pl	munizk

PG *munaną (same root as munu pretpres (IV)), OE munan pretpres (IV), ME imunen, Latin meminī. Preterite variant mundi. Forms coinciding with those of munu include the present subjunctive and imperative systems and sometimes the present-tense form man.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

munu pretpres (IV) “intend”

“shall; will probably; would”

highly frequent

auxiliary

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek mun	1pl	vér munum	1sg	ek muna	1pl	vér munim
2sg	þú munt	2pl	þér munuð	2sg	þú munir	2pl	þér munið
3sg	hon mun	3pl	þau munu	3sg	hon muni	3pl	þau muni
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek munda	1pl	vér mundum	1sg	ek mynda	1pl	vér myndim
2sg	þú mundir	2pl	þér munduð	2sg	þú myndir	2pl	þér myndið
3sg	hon mundi	3pl	þau mundu	3sg	hon myndi	3pl	þau myndi
preterite infinitive				mundu
past participle		f.	munð	m.	munðr	n.	munt
imperative		2sg	mun	1pl	munum	2pl	munið

middle voice: munask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek munumk	1pl	vér munumk	1sg	ek munumk	1pl	vér munimk
2sg	þú munzk	2pl	þér munuzk	2sg	þú munisk	2pl	þér munizk
3sg	hon munsk	3pl	þau munusk	3sg	hon munisk	3pl	þau munisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek mundumk	1pl	vér mundumk	1sg	ek myndumk	1pl	vér myndimk
2sg	þú mundisk	2pl	þér munduzk	2sg	þú myndisk	2pl	þér myndizk
3sg	hon mundisk	3pl	þau mundusk	3sg	hon myndisk	3pl	þau myndisk
		past participle		n.	munzk
imperative		2sg	munsk	1pl	munumk	2pl	munizk

PG *munaną (same root as muna IV, which see for cognates). Present variants include man, subjunctive myni, preterite indicative myndi, mindi, subjunctive mundi. Forms coinciding with those of muna include the present subjunctive and imperative systems and the present-tense variant man. Imperative and past participle not attested.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

skulu pretpres (IV) “shall”

“must; will, be willing”

core vocabulary

auxiliary

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek skal	1pl	vér skulum	1sg	ek skula	1pl	vér skulim
2sg	þú skalt	2pl	þér skuluð	2sg	þú skulir	2pl	þér skulið
3sg	hon skal	3pl	þau skulu	3sg	hon skuli	3pl	þau skuli
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skylda	1pl	vér skyldum	1sg	ek skylda	1pl	vér skyldim
2sg	þú skyldir	2pl	þér skylduð	2sg	þú skyldir	2pl	þér skyldið
3sg	hon skyldi	3pl	þau skyldu	3sg	hon skyldi	3pl	þau skyldi
preterite infinitive				skyldu
past participle		f.	skulð	m.	skulðr	n.	skult
imperative		2sg	skul	1pl	skulum	2pl	skulið

middle voice: skulask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek skulumk	1pl	vér skulumk	1sg	ek skulumk	1pl	vér skulimk
2sg	þú skalzk	2pl	þér skuluzk	2sg	þú skulisk	2pl	þér skulizk
3sg	hon skalsk	3pl	þau skulusk	3sg	hon skulisk	3pl	þau skulisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skyldumk	1pl	vér skyldumk	1sg	ek skyldumk	1pl	vér skyldimk
2sg	þú skyldisk	2pl	þér skylduzk	2sg	þú skyldisk	2pl	þér skyldizk
3sg	hon skyldisk	3pl	þau skyldusk	3sg	hon skyldisk	3pl	þau skyldisk
		past participle		n.	skulzk
imperative		2sg	skulsk	1pl	skulumk	2pl	skulizk

PG *skulaną, OE sculan pretpres (IV), ME shulen, MnE shall, Dutch zullen, German sollen. Variants skolu, skalu, preterite skuldi. Due to orthographical variation between <l> and <ll> in the MSS, the 2sg present sometimes coincides with the 2sg preterite of skjalla III “clatter.” Imperative and past participle not attested.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

unna pretpres (III) “love”

“grant”

frequent

transitive (dat of recipient, gen of thing bestowed)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek ann	1pl	vér unnum	1sg	ek unna	1pl	vér unnim
2sg	þú annt	2pl	þér unnið	2sg	þú unnir	2pl	þér unnið
3sg	hon ann	3pl	þau unna	3sg	hon unni	3pl	þau unni
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek unna	1pl	vér unnum	1sg	ek ynna	1pl	vér ynnim
2sg	þú unnir	2pl	þér unnuð	2sg	þú ynnir	2pl	þér ynnið
3sg	hon unni	3pl	þau unnu	3sg	hon ynni	3pl	þau ynni
preterite infinitive				unnu
past participle		f.	unnað	m.	unnaðr	n.	unnat
imperative		2sg	unn	1pl	unnum	2pl	unnið

middle voice: unnask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek unnumk	1pl	vér unnumk	1sg	ek unnumk	1pl	vér unnimk
2sg	þú annzk	2pl	þér unnuzk	2sg	þú unnisk	2pl	þér unnizk
3sg	hon annsk	3pl	þau unnusk	3sg	hon unnisk	3pl	þau unnisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek unnumk	1pl	vér unnumk	1sg	ek ynnumk	1pl	vér ynnimk
2sg	þú unnisk	2pl	þér unnuzk	2sg	þú ynnisk	2pl	þér ynnizk
3sg	hon unnisk	3pl	þau unnusk	3sg	hon ynnisk	3pl	þau ynnisk
		past participle		n.	unnazk
imperative		2sg	unnsk	1pl	unnumk	2pl	unnizk

PG *unnaną, OE unnan pretpres (III), ME unnen, Dutch gunnen, German gönnen; The g- in Dutch and German derives from a contraction with the perfective prefix gi-. Weak participial variant unnðr. Forms coinciding with those of vinna III include the preterite plural and subjunctive forms.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

valda mixed (VIIc/3) “wield”

“govern; cause”

common

transitive (dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek veld	1pl	vér vǫldum	1sg	ek valda	1pl	vér valdim
2sg	þú veldr	2pl	þér valdið	2sg	þú valdir	2pl	þér valdið
3sg	hon veldr	3pl	þau valda	3sg	hon valdi	3pl	þau valdi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek olla	1pl	vér ollum	1sg	ek ylla	1pl	vér yllim
2sg	þú ollir	2pl	þér olluð	2sg	þú yllir	2pl	þér yllið
3sg	hon olli	3pl	þau ollu	3sg	hon ylli	3pl	þau ylli
preterite infinitive				ollu
past participle		f.	valdin	m.	valdinn	n.	valdit
imperative		2sg	valt	1pl	vǫldum	2pl	valdið

middle voice: valdask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek vǫldumk	1pl	vér vǫldumk	1sg	ek vǫldumk	1pl	vér valdimk
2sg	þú velzk	2pl	þér valdizk	2sg	þú valdisk	2pl	þér valdizk
3sg	hon velzk	3pl	þau valdask	3sg	hon valdisk	3pl	þau valdisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek ollumk	1pl	vér ollumk	1sg	ek yllumk	1pl	vér yllimk
2sg	þú ollisk	2pl	þér olluzk	2sg	þú yllisk	2pl	þér yllizk
3sg	hon ollisk	3pl	þau ollusk	3sg	hon yllisk	3pl	þau yllisk
		past participle		n.	valdizk
imperative		2sg	valzk	1pl	vǫldumk	2pl	valdizk

PG *waldaną, OE wealdan VIIc, ME wēlden, weak MnE wield, German walten. The strong present and participial forms have merged with a class 3 weak preterite. Preterite variant voldi, participle voldinn, ollaðr. The preterite subjunctive system is identical with that of vella III “boil.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

vita pretpres (I) “know, know of”

“understand; learn, find out; go, travel, turn; try, strive; pertain, belong; face, point; mean, signify; bear witness; bode; reveal; turn out; result from; be conscious; be in one’s right mind”

highly frequent

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc/clausal object)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek veit	1pl	vér vitum	1sg	ek vita	1pl	vér vitim
2sg	þú veizt	2pl	þér vituð	2sg	þú vitir	2pl	þér vitið
3sg	hon veit	3pl	þau vitu	3sg	hon viti	3pl	þau viti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek vissa	1pl	vér vissum	1sg	ek vissa	1pl	vér vissim
2sg	þú vissir	2pl	þér vissuð	2sg	þú vissir	2pl	þér vissið
3sg	hon vissi	3pl	þau vissu	3sg	hon vissi	3pl	þau vissi
preterite infinitive				vissu
past participle		f.	vitað	m.	vitaðr	n.	vitat
imperative		2sg	vit	1pl	vitum	2pl	vitið

middle voice: vitask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek vitumk	1pl	vér vitumk	1sg	ek vitumk	1pl	vér vitimk
2sg	þú veizk	2pl	þér vituzk	2sg	þú vitisk	2pl	þér vitizk
3sg	hon veizk	3pl	þau vitusk	3sg	hon vitisk	3pl	þau vitisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek vissumk	1pl	vér vissumk	1sg	ek vissumk	1pl	vér vissimk
2sg	þú vissisk	2pl	þér vissuzk	2sg	þú vissisk	2pl	þér vissizk
3sg	hon vissisk	3pl	þau vissusk	3sg	hon vissisk	3pl	þau vissisk
		past participle		n.	vitazk
imperative		2sg	vizk	1pl	vitumk	2pl	vitizk

PG *witaną, OE witan pretpres (I), ME witen, MnE wit, Dutch weten, German wissen; further Latin vidēre “see,” which reflects the verb’s original sense. Participial variants vituðr, strong vitinn.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

þurfa pretpres (III) “need, lack”

“be necessary”

frequent

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc/gen/clausal object)/auxiliary

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek þarf	1pl	vér þurfum	1sg	ek þurfa	1pl	vér þurfim
2sg	þú þarft	2pl	þér þurfuð	2sg	þú þurfir	2pl	þér þurfið
3sg	hon þarf	3pl	þau þurfu	3sg	hon þurfi	3pl	þau þurfi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek þurfta	1pl	vér þurftum	1sg	ek þyrfta	1pl	vér þyrftim
2sg	þú þurftir	2pl	þér þurftuð	2sg	þú þyrftir	2pl	þér þyrftið
3sg	hon þurfti	3pl	þau þurftu	3sg	hon þyrfti	3pl	þau þyrfti
preterite infinitive				þurftu
past participle		f.	þurfð	m.	þurfðr	n.	þurft
imperative		2sg	þurf	1pl	þurfum	2pl	þurfið

middle voice: þurfask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek þurfumk	1pl	vér þurfumk	1sg	ek þurfumk	1pl	vér þurfimk
2sg	þú þarfzk	2pl	þér þurfuzk	2sg	þú þurfisk	2pl	þér þurfuzk
3sg	hon þarfsk	3pl	þau þurfusk	3sg	hon þurfisk	3pl	þau þurfusk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek þurftumk	1pl	vér þurftumk	1sg	ek þyrftumk	1pl	vér þyrftimk
2sg	þú þurftisk	2pl	þér þurftuzk	2sg	þú þyrftisk	2pl	þér þyrftizk
3sg	hon þurftisk	3pl	þau þurftusk	3sg	hon þyrftisk	3pl	þau þyrftisk
		past participle		n.	þurfzk
imperative		2sg	þurfsk	1pl	þurfumk	2pl	þurfizk

PG *þurfaną, OE þurfan pretpres (III), ME thurven, German dürfen. Dutch durven has taken on the sense of earlier dorren “dare.” Imperative not attested.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive