auða VIIb “grant”

“be fated”

fragmentarily attested

transitive (?acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek eyð	1pl	vér auðum	1sg	ek auða	1pl	vér auðim
2sg	þú eyðr	2pl	þér auðið	2sg	þú auðir	2pl	þér auðið
3sg	hon eyðr	3pl	þau auða	3sg	hon auði	3pl	þau auði
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek jóð	1pl	vér jóðum	1sg	ek ýða	1pl	vér ýðim
2sg	þú jótt	2pl	þér jóðuð	2sg	þú ýðir	2pl	þér ýðið
3sg	hon jóð	3pl	þau jóðu	3sg	hon ýði	3pl	þau ýði
preterite infinitive				jóðu
past participle		f.	auðin	m.	auðinn	n.	auðit
imperative		2sg	auð	1pl	auðum	2pl	auðið

middle voice: auðask (not attested)
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek auðumk	1pl	vér auðumk	1sg	ek auðumk	1pl	vér auðimk
2sg	þú eyzk	2pl	þér auðizk	2sg	þú auðisk	2pl	þér auðizk
3sg	hon eyzk	3pl	þau auðask	3sg	hon auðisk	3pl	þau auðisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek jóðumk	1pl	vér jóðumk	1sg	ek ýðumk	1pl	vér ýðimk
2sg	þú józk	2pl	þér jóðuzk	2sg	þú ýðisk	2pl	þér ýðizk
3sg	hon józk	3pl	þau jóðusk	3sg	hon ýðisk	3pl	þau ýðisk
		past participle		n.	auðizk
imperative		2sg	auzk	1pl	auðumk	2pl	auðizk

PG *audaną, OE *ēadan VIIb. Only the participial forms ON auðit, OE eaden are attested.

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

auka VIIb “increase, exaggerate”

“exceed”

frequent

transitive (acc/dat)/impersonal intransitive (dat of degree)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek eyk	1pl	vér aukum	1sg	ek auka	1pl	vér aukim
2sg	þú eykr	2pl	þér aukið	2sg	þú aukir	2pl	þér aukið
3sg	hon eykr	3pl	þau auka	3sg	hon auki	3pl	þau auki
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek jók	1pl	vér jókum	1sg	ek ýka	1pl	vér ýkim
2sg	þú jókt	2pl	þér jókuð	2sg	þú ýkir	2pl	þér ýkið
3sg	hon jók	3pl	þau jóku	3sg	hon ýki	3pl	þau ýki
preterite infinitive				jóku
past participle		f.	aukin	m.	aukinn	n.	aukit
imperative		2sg	auk	1pl	aukum	2pl	aukið

middle voice: aukask “procreate”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek aukumk	1pl	vér aukumk	1sg	ek aukumk	1pl	vér aukimk
2sg	þú eyksk	2pl	þér aukizk	2sg	þú aukisk	2pl	þér aukizk
3sg	hon eyksk	3pl	þau aukask	3sg	hon aukisk	3pl	þau aukisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek jókumk	1pl	vér jókumk	1sg	ek ýkumk	1pl	vér ýkimk
2sg	þú jókzk	2pl	þér jókuzk	2sg	þú ýkisk	2pl	þér ýkizk
3sg	hon jóksk	3pl	þau jókusk	3sg	hon ýkisk	3pl	þau ýkisk
		past participle		n.	aukizk
imperative		2sg	auksk	1pl	aukumk	2pl	aukizk

PG *aukaną, whose causative is PG *aukjaną, OE ēacian 2, ēacnian 2, ME ēken, MnE eke, Latin augēre “add to, increase”; shares a root with the Latin noun auxilium “aid”; further vaxa VI, which see for further cognates.

j-raising

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

ausa VIIb “sprinkle, pour”

“draw (water); bail; hurl (abuse); kick”

frequent

transitive (acc/dat: varies by construction and sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek eys	1pl	vér ausum	1sg	ek ausa	1pl	vér ausim
2sg	þú eyss	2pl	þér ausið	2sg	þú ausir	2pl	þér ausið
3sg	hon eyss	3pl	þau ausa	3sg	hon ausi	3pl	þau ausi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek jós	1pl	vér jósum	1sg	ek ýsa	1pl	vér ýsim
2sg	þú jóst	2pl	þér jósuð	2sg	þú ýsir	2pl	þér ýsið
3sg	hon jós	3pl	þau jósu	3sg	hon ýsi	3pl	þau ýsi
preterite infinitive				jósu
past participle		f.	ausin	m.	ausinn	n.	ausit
imperative		2sg	aus	1pl	ausum	2pl	ausið

middle voice: ausask “hurl (abuse)”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek ausumk	1pl	vér ausumk	1sg	ek ausumk	1pl	vér ausimk
2sg	þú eysk	2pl	þér ausizk	2sg	þú ausisk	2pl	þér ausizk
3sg	hon eysk	3pl	þau ausask	3sg	hon ausisk	3pl	þau ausisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek jósumk	1pl	vér jósumk	1sg	ek ýsumk	1pl	vér ýsimk
2sg	þú jószk	2pl	þér jósuzk	2sg	þú ýsisk	2pl	þér ýsizk
3sg	hon jóssk	3pl	þau jósusk	3sg	hon ýsisk	3pl	þau ýsisk
		past participle		n.	ausizk
imperative		2sg	aussk	1pl	ausumk	2pl	ausizk

PG *ausaną, weak Dutch hozen, Latin haurīre “draw water.” Preterite plural variant jusu, subjunctive eysi.

assimilation  ·  j-raising

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

bauta VIIb “defeat, kill”

“stab; shove”

fragmentarily attested

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek beyt	1pl	vér bautum	1sg	ek bauta	1pl	vér bautim
2sg	þú beytr	2pl	þér bautið	2sg	þú bautir	2pl	þér bautið
3sg	hon beytr	3pl	þau bauta	3sg	hon bauti	3pl	þau bauti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bjót	1pl	vér bjótum	1sg	ek býta	1pl	vér býtim
2sg	þú bjótt	2pl	þér bjótuð	2sg	þú býtir	2pl	þér býtið
3sg	hon bjót	3pl	þau bjótu	3sg	hon býti	3pl	þau býti
preterite infinitive				bjótu
past participle		f.	bautin	m.	bautinn	n.	bautit
imperative		2sg	baut	1pl	bautum	2pl	bautið

middle voice: bautask (not attested)
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek bautumk	1pl	vér bautumk	1sg	ek bautumk	1pl	vér bautimk
2sg	þú beyzk	2pl	þér bautizk	2sg	þú bautisk	2pl	þér bautizk
3sg	hon beyzk	3pl	þau bautask	3sg	hon bautisk	3pl	þau bautisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bjótumk	1pl	vér bjótumk	1sg	ek býtumk	1pl	vér býtimk
2sg	þú bjózk	2pl	þér bjótuzk	2sg	þú býtisk	2pl	þér býtizk
3sg	hon bjózk	3pl	þau bjótusk	3sg	hon býtisk	3pl	þau býtisk
		past participle		n.	bautizk
imperative		2sg	bauzk	1pl	bautumk	2pl	bautizk

PG *bautaną, OE bēatan VIIb, ME bēten, MnE beat; possibly shares a root with Latin fustis “cudgel.” Only the present plural and past participle are attested. The 2sg preterite form coincides with that of búa VIIb.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

blanda VIIc “mix”

“dilute; brew (mead)”

common

transitive (acc of first substance, dat of second substance)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek blend	1pl	vér blǫndum	1sg	ek blanda	1pl	vér blandim
2sg	þú blendr	2pl	þér blandið	2sg	þú blandir	2pl	þér blandið
3sg	hon blendr	3pl	þau blanda	3sg	hon blandi	3pl	þau blandi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek blett	1pl	vér blendum	1sg	ek blenda	1pl	vér blendim
2sg	þú blezt	2pl	þér blenduð	2sg	þú blendir	2pl	þér blendið
3sg	hon blett	3pl	þau blendu	3sg	hon blendi	3pl	þau blendi
preterite infinitive				blendu
past participle		f.	blandin	m.	blandinn	n.	blandit
imperative		2sg	blatt	1pl	blǫndum	2pl	blandið

middle voice: blandask “become involved”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek blǫndumk	1pl	vér blǫndumk	1sg	ek blǫndumk	1pl	vér blandimk
2sg	þú blenzk	2pl	þér blandizk	2sg	þú blandisk	2pl	þér blandizk
3sg	hon blenzk	3pl	þau blandask	3sg	hon blandisk	3pl	þau blandisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek blendumk	1pl	vér blendumk	1sg	ek blendumk	1pl	vér blendimk
2sg	þú blezk	2pl	þér blenduzk	2sg	þú blendisk	2pl	þér blendizk
3sg	hon blezk	3pl	þau blendusk	3sg	hon blendisk	3pl	þau blendisk
		past participle		n.	blandizk
imperative		2sg	blazk	1pl	blǫndumk	2pl	blandizk

PG *blandaną, OE blandan VIIc; the apparent source of ME blnden, weak MnE blend. PG *blandaną also gave rise to *blandijaną, which forms the basis of ON blinda 2 “blind” and the cognates there listed. Preterite variant blétt. Became class 2 weak (blandaði, blandaðr) about the thirteenth century.

final devoicing  ·  assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

blása VIId “blow”

“flutter; breathe, pant; inspire; inflate; blow a wind instrument; proclaim; smelt”

frequent

transitive (acc; dat of means)/intransitive/impersonal transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek blæs	1pl	vér blásum	1sg	ek blása	1pl	vér blásim
2sg	þú blæss	2pl	þér blásið	2sg	þú blásir	2pl	þér blásið
3sg	hon blæss	3pl	þau blása	3sg	hon blási	3pl	þau blási
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek blés	1pl	vér blésum	1sg	ek blésa	1pl	vér blésim
2sg	þú blést	2pl	þér blésuð	2sg	þú blésir	2pl	þér blésið
3sg	hon blés	3pl	þau blésu	3sg	hon blési	3pl	þau blési
preterite infinitive				blésu
past participle		f.	blásin	m.	blásinn	n.	blásit
imperative		2sg	blás	1pl	blásum	2pl	blásið

middle voice: blásask (rare)
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek blásumk	1pl	vér blásumk	1sg	ek blásumk	1pl	vér blásimk
2sg	þú blæssk	2pl	þér blásizk	2sg	þú blásisk	2pl	þér blásizk
3sg	hon blæssk	3pl	þau blásask	3sg	hon blásisk	3pl	þau blásisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek blésumk	1pl	vér blésumk	1sg	ek blésumk	1pl	vér blésimk
2sg	þú blészk	2pl	þér blésuzk	2sg	þú blésisk	2pl	þér blésizk
3sg	hon blésk	3pl	þau blésusk	3sg	hon blésisk	3pl	þau blésisk
		past participle		n.	blásizk
imperative		2sg	blássk	1pl	blásumk	2pl	blásizk

PG *blēsaną. Shares a root with the nouns OE blǣs “gust,” blǣst “blaze; gust,” ME, MnE blast.

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

blóta VIId “sacrifice”

“worship; curse, damn; bewitch”

rare

transitive (dat/acc: differs by sense)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek blœt	1pl	vér blótum	1sg	ek blóta	1pl	vér blótim
2sg	þú blœtr	2pl	þér blótið	2sg	þú blótir	2pl	þér blótið
3sg	hon blœtr	3pl	þau blóta	3sg	hon blóti	3pl	þau blóti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek blét	1pl	vér blétum	1sg	ek bléta	1pl	vér blétim
2sg	þú blézt	2pl	þér blétuð	2sg	þú blétir	2pl	þér blétið
3sg	hon blét	3pl	þau blétu	3sg	hon bléti	3pl	þau bléti
preterite infinitive				blétu
past participle		f.	blótin	m.	blótinn	n.	blótit
imperative		2sg	blót	1pl	blótum	2pl	blótið

middle voice: blótask “curse”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek blótumk	1pl	vér blótumk	1sg	ek blótumk	1pl	vér blótimk
2sg	þú blœzk	2pl	þér blótizk	2sg	þú blótisk	2pl	þér blótizk
3sg	hon blœzk	3pl	þau blótask	3sg	hon blótisk	3pl	þau blótisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek blétumk	1pl	vér blétumk	1sg	ek blétumk	1pl	vér blétimk
2sg	þú blézk	2pl	þér blétuzk	2sg	þú blétisk	2pl	þér blétizk
3sg	hon blézk	3pl	þau blétusk	3sg	hon blétisk	3pl	þau blétisk
		past participle		n.	blótizk
imperative		2sg	blózk	1pl	blótumk	2pl	blótizk

PG *blōtaną, OE blōtan VII/weak (not to be confused with bletsian 2 “bless,” for which see bleza 2). More commonly attested as class 2 weak (blótaði, blótaðr).

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

búa VIIb “dwell”

“prepare; decorate; settle; govern; behave; stay, be”

core vocabulary

intransitive/transitive (dat/acc: differs by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek bý	1pl	vér búum	1sg	ek búa	1pl	vér búim
2sg	þú býr	2pl	þér búið	2sg	þú búir	2pl	þér búið
3sg	hon býr	3pl	þau búa	3sg	hon búi	3pl	þau búi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bjó	1pl	vér bjuggum	1sg	ek bygga	1pl	vér byggim
2sg	þú bjótt	2pl	þér bjugguð	2sg	þú byggir	2pl	þér byggið
3sg	hon bjó	3pl	þau bjuggu	3sg	hon byggi	3pl	þau byggi
preterite infinitive				bjuggu
past participle		f.	búin	m.	búinn	n.	búit
imperative		2sg	bú	1pl	búum	2pl	búið

middle voice: búask “prepare oneself”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek búumk	1pl	vér búumk	1sg	ek búumk	1pl	vér búimk
2sg	þú býsk	2pl	þér búizk	2sg	þú búisk	2pl	þér búizk
3sg	hon býsk	3pl	þau búask	3sg	hon búisk	3pl	þau búisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek bjuggumk	1pl	vér bjuggumk	1sg	ek byggumk	1pl	vér byggimk
2sg	þú bjózk	2pl	þér bjugguzk	2sg	þú byggisk	2pl	þér byggizk
3sg	hon bjósk	3pl	þau bjuggusk	3sg	hon byggisk	3pl	þau byggisk
		past participle		n.	búizk
imperative		2sg	búsk	1pl	búumk	2pl	búizk

Weak PG *bōwwaną, OE būan VIIb and 3, 2 weak, weak Dutch bouwen “build” (formerly with a strong participle gebouwen), further ON byggja 1 in the earlier form byggva; Latin fuī “have been.” Source of ME busken “prepare oneself.” Preterite variants bjuggi, plural bjoggu, bjǫggu, subjunctive bjøggi. The 2sg preterite form bjótt coincides with that of bauta VIIb “defeat.”

contraction  ·  j-raising  ·  semivowel loss

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

falda VIIc “cover one’s head”

less common

transitive (dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek feld	1pl	vér fǫldum	1sg	ek falda	1pl	vér faldim
2sg	þú feldr	2pl	þér faldið	2sg	þú faldir	2pl	þér faldið
3sg	hon feldr	3pl	þau falda	3sg	hon faldi	3pl	þau faldi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek felt	1pl	vér feldum	1sg	ek felda	1pl	vér feldim
2sg	þú felzt	2pl	þér felduð	2sg	þú feldir	2pl	þér feldið
3sg	hon felt	3pl	þau feldu	3sg	hon feldi	3pl	þau feldi
preterite infinitive				feldu
past participle		f.	faldin	m.	faldinn	n.	faldit
imperative		2sg	falt	1pl	fǫldum	2pl	faldið

middle voice: faldask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek fǫldumk	1pl	vér fǫldumk	1sg	ek fǫldumk	1pl	vér faldimk
2sg	þú felzk	2pl	þér faldizk	2sg	þú faldisk	2pl	þér faldizk
3sg	hon felzk	3pl	þau faldask	3sg	hon faldisk	3pl	þau faldisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek feldumk	1pl	vér feldumk	1sg	ek feldumk	1pl	vér feldimk
2sg	þú felzk	2pl	þér felduzk	2sg	þú feldisk	2pl	þér feldizk
3sg	hon felzk	3pl	þau feldusk	3sg	hon feldisk	3pl	þau feldisk
		past participle		n.	faldizk
imperative		2sg	falzk	1pl	fǫldumk	2pl	faldizk

PG *falþaną, OE fealdan VIIc, ME fōlden, weak MnE fold, partly weak Dutch vouwen, German falten. Preterite variant félt.

final devoicing

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

falla VIIc “fall”

“die; flow; fail; affect; suit, be appropriate”

core vocabulary

intransitive/transitive (dat)/impersonal transitive (dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek fell	1pl	vér fǫllum	1sg	ek falla	1pl	vér fallim
2sg	þú fellr	2pl	þér fallið	2sg	þú fallir	2pl	þér fallið
3sg	hon fellr	3pl	þau falla	3sg	hon falli	3pl	þau falli
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek fell	1pl	vér fellum	1sg	ek fella	1pl	vér fellim
2sg	þú fellt	2pl	þér felluð	2sg	þú fellir	2pl	þér fellið
3sg	hon fell	3pl	þau fellu	3sg	hon felli	3pl	þau felli
preterite infinitive				fellu
past participle		f.	fallin	m.	fallinn	n.	fallit
imperative		2sg	fall	1pl	fǫllum	2pl	fallið

middle voice: fallask “fall; fail; please”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek fǫllumk	1pl	vér fǫllumk	1sg	ek fǫllumk	1pl	vér fallimk
2sg	þú fellsk	2pl	þér fallizk	2sg	þú fallisk	2pl	þér fallizk
3sg	hon fellsk	3pl	þau fallask	3sg	hon fallisk	3pl	þau fallisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek fellumk	1pl	vér fellumk	1sg	ek fellumk	1pl	vér fellimk
2sg	þú fellzk	2pl	þér felluzk	2sg	þú fellisk	2pl	þér fellizk
3sg	hon fellsk	3pl	þau fellusk	3sg	hon fellisk	3pl	þau fellisk
		past participle		n.	fallizk
imperative		2sg	fallsk	1pl	fǫllumk	2pl	fallizk

PG *fallaną, OE feallan VIIc, ME fallen, MnE fall, Dutch vallen, German fallen; further Latin abolēre “destroy.” Preterite variant féll. Without that long vowel, 1sg present and preterite coincide, and there is at least a theoretical possibility of 2/3sg present coinciding with 3sg preterite by assimilation. The causative is fella 1 “fell.”

assimilation  ·  cluster reduction

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

fá VIIc “get, receive”

“take; seize, capture; take as a bride; give; manage, be able; come to be; encounter; conceive; affect”

core vocabulary

transitive (acc/gen of object, dat of beneficiary)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek fæ	1pl	vér fám	1sg	ek fá	1pl	vér fáim
2sg	þú fær	2pl	þér fáið	2sg	þú fáir	2pl	þér fáið
3sg	hon fær	3pl	þau fá	3sg	hon fái	3pl	þau fái
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek fekk	1pl	vér fengum	1sg	ek fenga	1pl	vér fengim
2sg	þú fekkt	2pl	þér fenguð	2sg	þú fengir	2pl	þér fengið
3sg	hon fekk	3pl	þau fengu	3sg	hon fengi	3pl	þau fengi
preterite infinitive				fengu
past participle		f.	fengin	m.	fenginn	n.	fengit
imperative		2sg	fá	1pl	fám	2pl	fáið

middle voice: fásk “be found, exist, occur”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek fámk	1pl	vér fámk	1sg	ek fámk	1pl	vér fáimk
2sg	þú fæsk	2pl	þér fáizk	2sg	þú fáisk	2pl	þér fáizk
3sg	hon fæsk	3pl	þau fásk	3sg	hon fáisk	3pl	þau fáisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek fengumk	1pl	vér fengumk	1sg	ek fengumk	1pl	vér fengimk
2sg	þú fekkzk	2pl	þér fenguzk	2sg	þú fengisk	2pl	þér fengizk
3sg	hon fekksk	3pl	þau fengusk	3sg	hon fengisk	3pl	þau fengisk
		past participle		n.	fengizk
imperative		2sg	fásk	1pl	fámk	2pl	fáizk

PG *fanhaną, OE fōn VIIc, Dutch vangen, German fangen, Latin pangere “fasten.” A contraction of PN *fanga; the survival of that form as a weak verb is regarded as a loan from Low German vangen. Preterite variants fékk, fekt.

contraction  ·  vowel lengthening  ·  final devoicing  ·  assimilation  ·  palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

ganga VIIc “go, walk”

“continue; graze; end, die; succeed; diminish”

core vocabulary

intransitive/impersonal transitive (dat/acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek geng	1pl	vér gǫngum	1sg	ek ganga	1pl	vér gangim
2sg	þú gengr	2pl	þér gangið	2sg	þú gangir	2pl	þér gangið
3sg	hon gengr	3pl	þau ganga	3sg	hon gangi	3pl	þau gangi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gekk	1pl	vér gengum	1sg	ek genga	1pl	vér gengim
2sg	þú gekkt	2pl	þér genguð	2sg	þú gengir	2pl	þér gengið
3sg	hon gekk	3pl	þau gengu	3sg	hon gengi	3pl	þau gengi
preterite infinitive				gengu
past participle		f.	gengin	m.	genginn	n.	gengit
imperative		2sg	gakk	1pl	gǫngum	2pl	gangið

middle voice: gangask “succeed; fare; be ruined; change”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek gǫngumk	1pl	vér gǫngumk	1sg	ek gǫngumk	1pl	vér gangimk
2sg	þú gengsk	2pl	þér gangizk	2sg	þú gangisk	2pl	þér gangizk
3sg	hon gengsk	3pl	þau gangask	3sg	hon gangisk	3pl	þau gangisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gengumk	1pl	vér gengumk	1sg	ek gengumk	1pl	vér gengimk
2sg	þú gekkzk	2pl	þér genguzk	2sg	þú gengisk	2pl	þér gengizk
3sg	hon gekksk	3pl	þau gengusk	3sg	hon gengisk	3pl	þau gengisk
		past participle		n.	gengizk
imperative		2sg	gangsk	1pl	gǫngumk	2pl	gangizk

PG *ganganą, OE gangan VIIc, ME gngen. Not to be confused with PG *gēną, OE gōn, ME gōn, MnE go, Dutch gaan, German gehen; only the last two take their preterites from the reflex of PG *ganganą.

final devoicing  ·  assimilation  ·  palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

gnúa VIIe “rub”

less common

transitive (acc/dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek gný	1pl	vér gnúum	1sg	ek gnúa	1pl	vér gnúim
2sg	þú gnýr	2pl	þér gnúið	2sg	þú gnúir	2pl	þér gnúið
3sg	hon gnýr	3pl	þau gnúa	3sg	hon gnúi	3pl	þau gnúi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gnera	1pl	vér gnerum	1sg	ek gnera	1pl	vér gnerim
2sg	þú gnerit	2pl	þér gneruð	2sg	þú gnerir	2pl	þér gnerið
3sg	hon gneri	3pl	þau gneru	3sg	hon gneri	3pl	þau gneri
preterite infinitive				gneru
past participle		f.	gnúin	m.	gnúinn	n.	gnúit
imperative		2sg	gnú	1pl	gnúum	2pl	gnúið

middle voice: gnúask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek gnúumk	1pl	vér gnúumk	1sg	ek gnúumk	1pl	vér gnúimk
2sg	þú gnýsk	2pl	þér gnúizk	2sg	þú gnúisk	2pl	þér gnúizk
3sg	hon gnýsk	3pl	þau gnúask	3sg	hon gnúisk	3pl	þau gnúisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gnerumk	1pl	vér gnerumk	1sg	ek gnerumk	1pl	vér gnerimk
2sg	þú gnerizk	2pl	þér gneruzk	2sg	þú gnerisk	2pl	þér gnerizk
3sg	hon gnerisk	3pl	þau gnerusk	3sg	hon gnerisk	3pl	þau gnerisk
		past participle		n.	gnúizk
imperative		2sg	gnúsk	1pl	gnúumk	2pl	gnúizk

Perhaps PG *bnōwwaną. One of five verbs with visible traces of reduplication; cf. gróa, róa, sá, and snúa. Variants núa, bnúa.

contraction

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

gráta VIId “weep”

“mourn”

frequent

intransitive/transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek græt	1pl	vér grátum	1sg	ek gráta	1pl	vér grátim
2sg	þú grætr	2pl	þér grátið	2sg	þú grátir	2pl	þér grátið
3sg	hon grætr	3pl	þau gráta	3sg	hon gráti	3pl	þau gráti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek grét	1pl	vér grétum	1sg	ek gréta	1pl	vér grétim
2sg	þú grézt	2pl	þér grétuð	2sg	þú grétir	2pl	þér grétið
3sg	hon grét	3pl	þau grétu	3sg	hon gréti	3pl	þau gréti
preterite infinitive				grétu
past participle		f.	grátin	m.	grátinn	n.	grátit
imperative		2sg	grát	1pl	grátum	2pl	grátið

middle voice: grátask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek grátumk	1pl	vér grátumk	1sg	ek grátumk	1pl	vér grátimk
2sg	þú græzk	2pl	þér grátizk	2sg	þú grátisk	2pl	þér grátizk
3sg	hon græzk	3pl	þau grátask	3sg	hon grátisk	3pl	þau grátisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek grétumk	1pl	vér grétumk	1sg	ek grétumk	1pl	vér grétimk
2sg	þú grézk	2pl	þér grétuzk	2sg	þú grétisk	2pl	þér grétizk
3sg	hon grézk	3pl	þau grétusk	3sg	hon grétisk	3pl	þau grétisk
		past participle		n.	grátizk
imperative		2sg	grázk	1pl	grátumk	2pl	grátizk

PG *grētaną, OE grētan, ME grēten. Cf. OE grēotan II. The causative is grœta 1 “distress.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

gróa VIIe “grow”

“recover, heal; increase”

frequent

intransitive/impersonal intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek grœ	1pl	vér gróm	1sg	ek gróa	1pl	vér gróim
2sg	þú grœr	2pl	þér gróið	2sg	þú gróir	2pl	þér gróið
3sg	hon grœr	3pl	þau gróa	3sg	hon grói	3pl	þau grói
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek grera	1pl	vér grerum	1sg	ek grera	1pl	vér grerim
2sg	þú grerit	2pl	þér greruð	2sg	þú grerir	2pl	þér grerið
3sg	hon greri	3pl	þau greru	3sg	hon greri	3pl	þau greri
preterite infinitive				greru
past participle		f.	gróin	m.	gróinn	n.	gróit
imperative		2sg	gró	1pl	gróm	2pl	gróið

middle voice: gróask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek grómk	1pl	vér grómk	1sg	ek grómk	1pl	vér gróimk
2sg	þú grœsk	2pl	þér gróizk	2sg	þú gróisk	2pl	þér gróizk
3sg	hon grœsk	3pl	þau gróask	3sg	hon gróisk	3pl	þau gróisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek grerumk	1pl	vér grerumk	1sg	ek grerumk	1pl	vér grerimk
2sg	þú grerizk	2pl	þér greruzk	2sg	þú grerisk	2pl	þér grerizk
3sg	hon grerisk	3pl	þau grerusk	3sg	hon grerisk	3pl	þau grerisk
		past participle		n.	gróizk
imperative		2sg	grósk	1pl	grómk	2pl	gróizk

PG *grōaną, OE grōwan VIIe, ME grouen, MnE grow, weak Dutch groeien, further the Latin noun grāmen “grass.” One of five verbs with visible traces of reduplication; cf. gnúa, róa, sá, and snúa. Preterite variant grøri.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

halda VIIc “hold, keep”

“hold prisoner; stop, hinder; withhold; steer; head for”

core vocabulary

transitive (dat/acc: differs by sense)/impersonal transitive (dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek held	1pl	vér hǫldum	1sg	ek halda	1pl	vér haldim
2sg	þú heldr	2pl	þér haldið	2sg	þú haldir	2pl	þér haldið
3sg	hon heldr	3pl	þau halda	3sg	hon haldi	3pl	þau haldi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek helt	1pl	vér heldum	1sg	ek helda	1pl	vér heldim
2sg	þú helzt	2pl	þér helduð	2sg	þú heldir	2pl	þér heldið
3sg	hon helt	3pl	þau heldu	3sg	hon heldi	3pl	þau heldi
preterite infinitive				heldu
past participle		f.	haldin	m.	haldinn	n.	haldit
imperative		2sg	halt	1pl	hǫldum	2pl	haldið

middle voice: haldask “stay; last, continue”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hǫldumk	1pl	vér hǫldumk	1sg	ek hǫldumk	1pl	vér haldimk
2sg	þú helzk	2pl	þér haldizk	2sg	þú haldisk	2pl	þér haldizk
3sg	hon helzk	3pl	þau haldask	3sg	hon haldisk	3pl	þau haldisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek heldumk	1pl	vér heldumk	1sg	ek heldumk	1pl	vér heldimk
2sg	þú helzk	2pl	þér helduzk	2sg	þú heldisk	2pl	þér heldizk
3sg	hon helzk	3pl	þau heldusk	3sg	hon heldisk	3pl	þau heldisk
		past participle		n.	haldizk
imperative		2sg	halzk	1pl	hǫldumk	2pl	haldizk

PG *haldaną, OE healdan VIIc, ME hōlden, MnE hold, Dutch houden, German halten. Preterite variant hélt.

final devoicing

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

hanga VIIc “hang”

common

intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hangi	1pl	vér hǫngum	1sg	ek hanga	1pl	vér hangim
2sg	þú hangir	2pl	þér hangið	2sg	þú hangir	2pl	þér hangið
3sg	hon hangir	3pl	þau hanga	3sg	hon hangi	3pl	þau hangi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hekk	1pl	vér hengum	1sg	ek henga	1pl	vér hengim
2sg	þú hekkt	2pl	þér henguð	2sg	þú hengir	2pl	þér hengið
3sg	hon hekk	3pl	þau hengu	3sg	hon hengi	3pl	þau hengi
preterite infinitive				hengu
past participle		f.	hangin	m.	hanginn	n.	hangit
imperative		2sg	hang	1pl	hǫngum	2pl	hangið

PG *hanhaną, OE hōn VIIc and weak hangian 2, both of which combined with the ON causative hengja 1 “hang, suspend” to become ME hngen, MnE hang; Dutch hangen, German hängen (following confusion with the causative); further weak Dutch hunkeren “crave,” MnE hanker; Latin cūnctārī “linger; hesitate.” The present indicative is class 3 weak, and sometimes so is the preterite indicative. Preterite variant hékk. Note the absence of palatal mutation in the participle (contrast fá VIIc, ganga VIIc.

final devoicing  ·  assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active

heita VIIa “call”

“be called; promise”

frequent

transitive (acc/dat: differs by sense)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek heit(i)	1pl	vér heitum	1sg	ek heita	1pl	vér heitim
2sg	þú heit(i)r	2pl	þér heitið	2sg	þú heitir	2pl	þér heitið
3sg	hon heit(i)r	3pl	þau heita	3sg	hon heiti	3pl	þau heiti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hét	1pl	vér hétum	1sg	ek héta	1pl	vér hétim
2sg	þú hézt	2pl	þér hétuð	2sg	þú hétir	2pl	þér hétið
3sg	hon hét	3pl	þau hétu	3sg	hon héti	3pl	þau héti
preterite infinitive				hétu
past participle		f.	heitin	m.	heitinn	n.	heitit
imperative		2sg	heit	1pl	heitum	2pl	heitið

middle voice: heitask “be called; be engaged”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek heitumk	1pl	vér heitumk	1sg	ek heitumk	1pl	vér heitimk
2sg	þú heizk	2pl	þér heitizk	2sg	þú heitisk	2pl	þér heitizk
3sg	hon heizk	3pl	þau heitask	3sg	hon heitisk	3pl	þau heitisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hétumk	1pl	vér hétumk	1sg	ek hétumk	1pl	vér hétimk
2sg	þú hézk	2pl	þér hétuzk	2sg	þú hétisk	2pl	þér hétizk
3sg	hon hézk	3pl	þau hétusk	3sg	hon hétisk	3pl	þau hétisk
		past participle		n.	heitizk
imperative		2sg	heizk	1pl	heitumk	2pl	heitizk

PG *haitaną, OE hātan VIIa, ME hōten, eMnE hight, partly weak Dutch heten, German heißen. In the sense “be called,” the present indicative conjugates like that of a class 3 or long-stemmed class 1 weak verb: heiti, heitir. The form ek heiti is considered a relic of an IE passive or middle voice. The present subjunctive, plural indicative, and imperative forms coincide with those of heita 1 “heat; brew.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

hlaupa VIIb “jump”

“run; flee; glide, flow”

highly frequent

intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hleyp	1pl	vér hlaupum	1sg	ek hlaupa	1pl	vér hlaupim
2sg	þú hleypr	2pl	þér hlaupið	2sg	þú hlaupir	2pl	þér hlaupið
3sg	hon hleypr	3pl	þau hlaupa	3sg	hon hlaupi	3pl	þau hlaupi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hljóp	1pl	vér hljópum	1sg	ek hlýpa	1pl	vér hlýpim
2sg	þú hljópt	2pl	þér hljópuð	2sg	þú hlýpir	2pl	þér hlýpið
3sg	hon hljóp	3pl	þau hljópu	3sg	hon hlýpi	3pl	þau hlýpi
preterite infinitive				hljópu
past participle		f.	hlaupin	m.	hlaupinn	n.	hlaupit
imperative		2sg	hlaup	1pl	hlaupum	2pl	hlaupið

middle voice: hlaupask “run away”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hlaupumk	1pl	vér hlaupumk	1sg	ek hlaupumk	1pl	vér hlaupimk
2sg	þú hleypsk	2pl	þér hlaupizk	2sg	þú hlaupisk	2pl	þér hlaupizk
3sg	hon hleypsk	3pl	þau hlaupask	3sg	hon hlaupisk	3pl	þau hlaupisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hljópumk	1pl	vér hljópumk	1sg	ek hlýpumk	1pl	vér hlýpimk
2sg	þú hljópzk	2pl	þér hljópuzk	2sg	þú hlýpisk	2pl	þér hlýpizk
3sg	hon hljópsk	3pl	þau hljópusk	3sg	hon hlýpisk	3pl	þau hlýpisk
		past participle		n.	hlaupizk
imperative		2sg	hlaupsk	1pl	hlaupumk	2pl	hlaupizk

PG *hlaupaną, OE hleāpan VIIb, ME lēpen, weak MnE leap, Dutch lopen, German laufen. Preterite variants hlép, plural hlupu, laupu, subjunctive hlœpi. The causative is hleypa 1 “send running.”

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

hváta VIId “thrust”

fragmentarily attested

transitive (dat of means)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hvæt	1pl	vér hvátum	1sg	ek hváta	1pl	vér hvátim
2sg	þú hvætr	2pl	þér hvátið	2sg	þú hvátir	2pl	þér hvátið
3sg	hon hvætr	3pl	þau hváta	3sg	hon hváti	3pl	þau hváti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hvét	1pl	vér hvétum	1sg	ek hvéta	1pl	vér hvétim
2sg	þú hvézt	2pl	þér hvétuð	2sg	þú hvétir	2pl	þér hvétið
3sg	hon hvét	3pl	þau hvétu	3sg	hon hvéti	3pl	þau hvéti
preterite infinitive				hvétu
past participle		f.	hvátin	m.	hvátinn	n.	hvátit
imperative		2sg	hvát	1pl	hvátum	2pl	hvátið

middle voice: hvátask (not attested)
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hvátumk	1pl	vér hvátumk	1sg	ek hvátumk	1pl	vér hvátimk
2sg	þú hvæzk	2pl	þér hvátizk	2sg	þú hvátisk	2pl	þér hvátizk
3sg	hon hvæzk	3pl	þau hvátask	3sg	hon hvátisk	3pl	þau hvátisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hvétumk	1pl	vér hvétumk	1sg	ek hvétumk	1pl	vér hvétimk
2sg	þú hvézk	2pl	þér hvétuzk	2sg	þú hvétisk	2pl	þér hvétizk
3sg	hon hvézk	3pl	þau hvétusk	3sg	hon hvétisk	3pl	þau hvétisk
		past participle		n.	hvátizk
imperative		2sg	hvázk	1pl	hvátumk	2pl	hvátizk

PG *hwētaną. Preterite not attested. More commonly attested as class 2 weak (hvátaði, hvátaðr).

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

hǫggva VIIb “strike, hew”

“fell; decapitate, kill; slaugher; bite”

highly frequent

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek høgg	1pl	vér hǫggum	1sg	ek hǫggva	1pl	vér hǫggvim
2sg	þú høggr	2pl	þér hǫggvið	2sg	þú hǫggvir	2pl	þér hǫggvið
3sg	hon høggr	3pl	þau hǫggva	3sg	hon hǫggvi	3pl	þau hǫggvi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hjó	1pl	vér hjuggum	1sg	ek hygga	1pl	vér hyggim
2sg	þú hjótt	2pl	þér hjugguð	2sg	þú hyggir	2pl	þér hyggið
3sg	hon hjó	3pl	þau hjuggu	3sg	hon hyggi	3pl	þau hyggi
preterite infinitive				hjuggu
past participle		f.	hǫggin	m.	hǫgginn	n.	hǫggit
imperative		2sg	hǫgg	1pl	hǫggum	2pl	hǫggvið

middle voice: hǫggvask “fight”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hǫggumk	1pl	vér hǫggumk	1sg	ek hǫggumk	1pl	vér hǫggvimk
2sg	þú høggsk	2pl	þér hǫggvizk	2sg	þú hǫggvisk	2pl	þér hǫggvizk
3sg	hon høggsk	3pl	þau hǫggvask	3sg	hon hǫggvisk	3pl	þau hǫggvisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hjuggumk	1pl	vér hjuggumk	1sg	ek hyggumk	1pl	vér hyggimk
2sg	þú hjózk	2pl	þér hjugguzk	2sg	þú hyggisk	2pl	þér hyggizk
3sg	hon hjósk	3pl	þau hjuggusk	3sg	hon hyggisk	3pl	þau hyggisk
		past participle		n.	hǫggizk
imperative		2sg	hǫggsk	1pl	hǫggumk	2pl	hǫggvizk

PG *hawwaną, OE hēawan VIIb, ME heuen, partly weak MnE hew, Dutch houwen, German hauen. Variants hǫgga, heyggva, present heggr, preterite hjoggi, plural hjoggu, hjuggju, hjoggju, subjunctive hjøggi, heyggi.

sharpening  ·  semivowel loss  ·  j-raising

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

láta VIId “let, allow”

“leave, abandon; lose, give up; order, cause; behave; pretend; respond (with approval or disapproval)”

core vocabulary

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc)/intransitive/impersonal intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek læt	1pl	vér látum	1sg	ek láta	1pl	vér látim
2sg	þú lætr	2pl	þér látið	2sg	þú látir	2pl	þér látið
3sg	hon lætr	3pl	þau láta	3sg	hon láti	3pl	þau láti
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek lét	1pl	vér létum	1sg	ek léta	1pl	vér létim
2sg	þú lézt	2pl	þér létuð	2sg	þú létir	2pl	þér létið
3sg	hon lét	3pl	þau létu	3sg	hon léti	3pl	þau léti
preterite infinitive				létu
past participle		f.	látin	m.	látinn	n.	látit
imperative		2sg	lát	1pl	látum	2pl	látið

middle voice: látask “die; behave, pretend; be said”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek látumk	1pl	vér látumk	1sg	ek látumk	1pl	vér látimk
2sg	þú læzk	2pl	þér látizk	2sg	þú látisk	2pl	þér látizk
3sg	hon læzk	3pl	þau látask	3sg	hon látisk	3pl	þau látisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek létumk	1pl	vér létumk	1sg	ek létumk	1pl	vér létimk
2sg	þú lézk	2pl	þér létuzk	2sg	þú létisk	2pl	þér létizk
3sg	hon lézk	3pl	þau létusk	3sg	hon létisk	3pl	þau létisk
		past participle		n.	látizk
imperative		2sg	lázk	1pl	látumk	2pl	látizk

PG *lētaną, OE lǣtan VIId, ME lēten, MnE let, Dutch laten, German lassen, Latin lassus “tired.” Variants lata, leta.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

leika VIIa “play”

“dance; rock; mock; swindle; attack”

frequent

transitive (dat/acc: differs by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek leik	1pl	vér leikum	1sg	ek leika	1pl	vér leikim
2sg	þú leikr	2pl	þér leikið	2sg	þú leikir	2pl	þér leikið
3sg	hon leikr	3pl	þau leika	3sg	hon leiki	3pl	þau leiki
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek lék	1pl	vér lékum	1sg	ek léka	1pl	vér lékim
2sg	þú lékt	2pl	þér lékuð	2sg	þú lékir	2pl	þér lékið
3sg	hon lék	3pl	þau léku	3sg	hon léki	3pl	þau léki
preterite infinitive				léku
past participle		f.	leikin	m.	leikinn	n.	leikit
imperative		2sg	leik	1pl	leikum	2pl	leikið

middle voice: leikask “play; be done/performed”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek leikumk	1pl	vér leikumk	1sg	ek leikumk	1pl	vér leikimk
2sg	þú leiksk	2pl	þér leikizk	2sg	þú leikisk	2pl	þér leikizk
3sg	hon leiksk	3pl	þau leikask	3sg	hon leikisk	3pl	þau leikisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek lékumk	1pl	vér lékumk	1sg	ek lékumk	1pl	vér lékimk
2sg	þú lékzk	2pl	þér lékuzk	2sg	þú lékisk	2pl	þér lékizk
3sg	hon léksk	3pl	þau lékusk	3sg	hon lékisk	3pl	þau lékisk
		past participle		n.	leikizk
imperative		2sg	leiksk	1pl	leikumk	2pl	leikizk

PG *laikaną, OE lācan VIIa, ME leiken.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

ráða VIId “advise”

“deliberate; discuss; interpret; govern; resolve, decide; undertake; plot; travel; transport; deprive; punish; have intercourse with”

core vocabulary

transitive (dat/acc)/intransitive/impersonal intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek ræð	1pl	vér ráðum	1sg	ek ráða	1pl	vér ráðim
2sg	þú ræðr	2pl	þér ráðið	2sg	þú ráðir	2pl	þér ráðið
3sg	hon ræðr	3pl	þau ráða	3sg	hon ráði	3pl	þau ráði
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek réð	1pl	vér réðum	1sg	ek réða	1pl	vér réðim
2sg	þú rétt	2pl	þér réðuð	2sg	þú réðir	2pl	þér réðið
3sg	hon réð	3pl	þau réðu	3sg	hon réði	3pl	þau réði
preterite infinitive				réðu
past participle		f.	ráðin	m.	ráðinn	n.	ráðit
imperative		2sg	ráð	1pl	ráðum	2pl	ráðið

middle voice: ráðask “take counsel; prepare oneself; be resolved; happen”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek ráðumk	1pl	vér ráðumk	1sg	ek ráðumk	1pl	vér ráðimk
2sg	þú ræzk	2pl	þér ráðizk	2sg	þú ráðisk	2pl	þér ráðizk
3sg	hon ræzk	3pl	þau ráðask	3sg	hon ráðisk	3pl	þau ráðisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek réðumk	1pl	vér réðumk	1sg	ek réðumk	1pl	vér réðimk
2sg	þú rézk	2pl	þér réðuzk	2sg	þú réðisk	2pl	þér réðizk
3sg	hon rézk	3pl	þau réðusk	3sg	hon réðisk	3pl	þau réðisk
		past participle		n.	ráðizk
imperative		2sg	rázk	1pl	ráðumk	2pl	ráðizk

PG *rēdaną, OE rǣdan VIId, 1, ME rēden, MnE read, partly weak Dutch raden, German raten “guess; advise.” Derived from the noun PG *rēdaz, yielding ON ráð, OE rǣd, ME rēd, eMnE rede, Dutch raad, German Rat “advice,” from which also rœða 1. Preterite variant reið.

assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive