aka VI “drive (a vehicle)”

“cart; move, travel”

transitive (dat/acc)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek ek	1pl	vér ǫkum	1sg	ek aka	1pl	vér akim
2sg	þú ekr	2pl	þér akið	2sg	þú akir	2pl	þér akið
3sg	hon ekr	3pl	þau aka	3sg	hon aki	3pl	þau aki
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek ók	1pl	vér ókum	1sg	ek œka	1pl	vér œkim
2sg	þú ókt	2pl	þér ókuð	2sg	þú œkir	2pl	þér œkið
3sg	hon ók	3pl	þau óku	3sg	hon œki	3pl	þau œki
preterite infinitive				óku
past participle		f.	ekin	m.	ekinn	n.	ekit
imperative		2sg	ak	1pl	ǫkum	2pl	akið

middle voice: akask “move”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek ǫkumk	1pl	vér ǫkumk	1sg	ek ǫkumk	1pl	vér akimk
2sg	þú eksk	2pl	þér akizk	2sg	þú akisk	2pl	þér akizk
3sg	hon eksk	3pl	þau akask	3sg	hon akisk	3pl	þau akisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek ókumk	1pl	vér ókumk	1sg	ek œkumk	1pl	vér œkimk
2sg	þú ókzk	2pl	þér ókuzk	2sg	þú œkisk	2pl	þér œkizk
3sg	hon óksk	3pl	þau ókusk	3sg	hon œkisk	3pl	þau œkisk
		past participle		n.	ekizk
imperative		2sg	aksk	1pl	ǫkumk	2pl	akizk

PG *akaną, Latin agere “drive; do.”

palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

ala VI “beget”

“bear; raise; feed”

transitive (acc; dat of beneficiary)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek el	1pl	vér ǫlum	1sg	ek ala	1pl	vér alim
2sg	þú el	2pl	þér alið	2sg	þú alir	2pl	þér alið
3sg	hon el	3pl	þau ala	3sg	hon ali	3pl	þau ali
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek ól	1pl	vér ólum	1sg	ek œla	1pl	vér œlim
2sg	þú ólt	2pl	þér óluð	2sg	þú œlir	2pl	þér œlið
3sg	hon ól	3pl	þau ólu	3sg	hon œli	3pl	þau œli
preterite infinitive				ólu
past participle		f.	alin	m.	alinn	n.	alit
imperative		2sg	al	1pl	ǫlum	2pl	alið

middle voice: alask “be born, grow up”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek ǫlumk	1pl	vér ǫlumk	1sg	ek ǫlumk	1pl	vér alimk
2sg	þú elsk	2pl	þér alizk	2sg	þú alisk	2pl	þér alizk
3sg	hon elsk	3pl	þau alask	3sg	hon alisk	3pl	þau alisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek ólumk	1pl	vér ólumk	1sg	ek œlumk	1pl	vér œlimk
2sg	þú ólzk	2pl	þér óluzk	2sg	þú œlisk	2pl	þér œlizk
3sg	hon ólsk	3pl	þau ólusk	3sg	hon œlisk	3pl	þau œlisk
		past participle		n.	alizk
imperative		2sg	alsk	1pl	ǫlumk	2pl	alizk

PG *alaną, OE alan VI, Latin alere.

progressive assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

deyja VI “die”

“go numb”

intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dey	1pl	vér deyjum	1sg	ek deyja	1pl	vér deyim
2sg	þú deyr	2pl	þér deyið	2sg	þú deyir	2pl	þér deyið
3sg	hon deyr	3pl	þau deyja	3sg	hon deyi	3pl	þau deyi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dó	1pl	vér dóm	1sg	ek dœa	1pl	vér dœim
2sg	þú dótt	2pl	þér dóð	2sg	þú dœir	2pl	þér dœið
3sg	hon dó	3pl	þau dó	3sg	hon dœi	3pl	þau dœi
preterite infinitive				dó
past participle		f.	dáin	m.	dáinn	n.	dáit
imperative		2sg	dey	1pl	deyjum	2pl	deyið

PG *daujaną. Source of late OE or early ME dēgan, ME dīen, weak MnE die.

semivowel loss  ·  consonant lengthening

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

draga VI “haul, drag”

“inhale; gain, amass; extend”

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc/dat: varies by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek dreg	1pl	vér drǫgum	1sg	ek draga	1pl	vér dragim
2sg	þú dregr	2pl	þér dragið	2sg	þú dragir	2pl	þér dragið
3sg	hon dregr	3pl	þau draga	3sg	hon dragi	3pl	þau dragi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek dró	1pl	vér drógum	1sg	ek drœga	1pl	vér drœgim
2sg	þú drótt	2pl	þér dróguð	2sg	þú drœgir	2pl	þér drœgið
3sg	hon dró	3pl	þau drógu	3sg	hon drœgi	3pl	þau drœgi
preterite infinitive				drógu
past participle		f.	dregin	m.	dreginn	n.	dregit
imperative		2sg	drag	1pl	drǫgum	2pl	dragið

middle voice: dragask “move”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek drǫgumk	1pl	vér drǫgumk	1sg	ek drǫgumk	1pl	vér dragimk
2sg	þú dregsk	2pl	þér dragizk	2sg	þú dragisk	2pl	þér dragizk
3sg	hon dregsk	3pl	þau dragask	3sg	hon dragisk	3pl	þau dragisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek drógumk	1pl	vér drógumk	1sg	ek drœgumk	1pl	vér drœgimk
2sg	þú drózk	2pl	þér dróguzk	2sg	þú drœgisk	2pl	þér drœgizk
3sg	hon drósk	3pl	þau drógusk	3sg	hon drœgisk	3pl	þau drœgisk
		past participle		n.	dregizk
imperative		2sg	dragsk	1pl	drǫgumk	2pl	dragizk

PG *draganą, OE dragan VI, ME drauen, MnE draw, Dutch dragen, German tragen “carry.” Source or cognate of MnE drag.

palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

fara VI “go”

“travel; die”

intransitive/impersonal intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek fer	1pl	vér fǫrum	1sg	ek fara	1pl	vér farim
2sg	þú ferr	2pl	þér farið	2sg	þú farir	2pl	þér farið
3sg	hon ferr	3pl	þau fara	3sg	hon fari	3pl	þau fari
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek fór	1pl	vér fórum	1sg	ek fœra	1pl	vér fœrim
2sg	þú fórt	2pl	þér fóruð	2sg	þú fœrir	2pl	þér fœrið
3sg	hon fór	3pl	þau fóru	3sg	hon fœri	3pl	þau fœri
preterite infinitive				fóru
past participle		f.	farin	m.	farinn	n.	farit
imperative		2sg	far	1pl	fǫrum	2pl	farið

PG *faraną, OE faran VI, ME fāren, weak MnE fare, Dutch varen, German fahren, Latin portāre “carry.” Shares a root with Latin portus “port,” peritus “experienced.” Causatives are fœra 1 (which see for further cognates) and ferja 1.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

flá VI “flay, skin”

“strip, undress”

transitive (acc/dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek flæ	1pl	vér flám	1sg	ek flá	1pl	vér fláim
2sg	þú flær	2pl	þér fláið	2sg	þú fláir	2pl	þér fláið
3sg	hon flær	3pl	þau flá	3sg	hon flái	3pl	þau flái
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek fló	1pl	vér flógum	1sg	ek flœga	1pl	vér flœgim
2sg	þú flótt	2pl	þér flóguð	2sg	þú flœgir	2pl	þér flœgið
3sg	hon fló	3pl	þau flógu	3sg	hon flœgi	3pl	þau flœgi
preterite infinitive				flógu
past participle		f.	flegin	m.	fleginn	n.	flegit
imperative		2sg	flá	1pl	flám	2pl	fláið

middle voice: flásk “strip, undress”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek flámk	1pl	vér flámk	1sg	ek flámk	1pl	vér fláimk
2sg	þú flæsk	2pl	þér fláizk	2sg	þú fláisk	2pl	þér fláizk
3sg	hon flæsk	3pl	þau flásk	3sg	hon fláisk	3pl	þau fláisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek flógumk	1pl	vér flógumk	1sg	ek flœgumk	1pl	vér flœgimk
2sg	þú flózk	2pl	þér flóguzk	2sg	þú flœgisk	2pl	þér flœgizk
3sg	hon flósk	3pl	þau flógusk	3sg	hon flœgisk	3pl	þau flœgisk
		past participle		n.	flegizk
imperative		2sg	flásk	1pl	flámk	2pl	fláizk

PG *flahaną, OE flēan VI, ME flēn, weak MnE flay.

contraction  ·  vowel lengthening  ·  consonant lengthening  ·  palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

gala VI “crow, cry”

“sing”

transitive (acc of thing, dat of beneficiary)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek gel	1pl	vér gǫlum	1sg	ek gala	1pl	vér galim
2sg	þú gelr	2pl	þér galið	2sg	þú galir	2pl	þér galið
3sg	hon gelr	3pl	þau gala	3sg	hon gali	3pl	þau gali
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gól	1pl	vér gólum	1sg	ek gœla	1pl	vér gœlim
2sg	þú gólt	2pl	þér góluð	2sg	þú gœlir	2pl	þér gœlið
3sg	hon gól	3pl	þau gólu	3sg	hon gœli	3pl	þau gœli
preterite infinitive				gólu
past participle		f.	galin	m.	galinn	n.	galit
imperative		2sg	gal	1pl	gǫlum	2pl	galið

middle voice: galask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek gǫlumk	1pl	vér gǫlumk	1sg	ek gǫlumk	1pl	vér galimk
2sg	þú gelsk	2pl	þér galizk	2sg	þú galisk	2pl	þér galizk
3sg	hon gelsk	3pl	þau galask	3sg	hon galisk	3pl	þau galisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gólumk	1pl	vér gólumk	1sg	ek gœlumk	1pl	vér gœlimk
2sg	þú gólzk	2pl	þér góluzk	2sg	þú gœlisk	2pl	þér gœlizk
3sg	hon gólsk	3pl	þau gólusk	3sg	hon gœlisk	3pl	þau gœlisk
		past participle		n.	galizk
imperative		2sg	galsk	1pl	gǫlumk	2pl	galizk

PG *galaną, OE galan VI, ME gālen, surviving in MnE nightingale.

progressive assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

geyja VI “bark”

“insult”

intransitive/transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek gey	1pl	vér geyjum	1sg	ek geyja	1pl	vér geyim
2sg	þú geyr	2pl	þér geyið	2sg	þú geyir	2pl	þér geyið
3sg	hon geyr	3pl	þau geyja	3sg	hon geyi	3pl	þau geyi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gó	1pl	vér góm	1sg	ek gœa	1pl	vér gœim
2sg	þú gótt	2pl	þér góð	2sg	þú gœir	2pl	þér gœið
3sg	hon gó	3pl	þau gó	3sg	hon gœi	3pl	þau gœi
preterite infinitive				gó
past participle		f.	gáin	m.	gáinn	n.	gáit
imperative		2sg	gey	1pl	geyjum	2pl	geyið

middle voice: geyjask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek geyjumk	1pl	vér geyjumk	1sg	ek geyjumk	1pl	vér geyimk
2sg	þú geysk	2pl	þér geyizk	2sg	þú geyisk	2pl	þér geyizk
3sg	hon geysk	3pl	þau geyjask	3sg	hon geyisk	3pl	þau geyisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gómk	1pl	vér gómk	1sg	ek gœumk	1pl	vér gœimk
2sg	þú gózk	2pl	þér gózk	2sg	þú gœisk	2pl	þér gœizk
3sg	hon gósk	3pl	þau gósk	3sg	hon gœisk	3pl	þau gœisk
		past participle		n.	gáizk
imperative		2sg	geysk	1pl	geyjumk	2pl	geyizk

PG *gaujaną, weak OE gōian 2, gēn 1 “groan, lament.”

semivowel loss  ·  consonant lengthening

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

gnaga VI “gnaw”

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek gneg	1pl	vér gnǫgum	1sg	ek gnaga	1pl	vér gnagim
2sg	þú gnegr	2pl	þér gnagið	2sg	þú gnagir	2pl	þér gnagið
3sg	hon gnegr	3pl	þau gnaga	3sg	hon gnagi	3pl	þau gnagi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gnó	1pl	vér gnógum	1sg	ek gnœga	1pl	vér gnœgim
2sg	þú gnótt	2pl	þér gnóguð	2sg	þú gnœgir	2pl	þér gnœgið
3sg	hon gnó	3pl	þau gnógu	3sg	hon gnœgi	3pl	þau gnœgi
preterite infinitive				gnógu
past participle		f.	gnagin	m.	gnaginn	n.	gnagit
imperative		2sg	gnag	1pl	gnǫgum	2pl	gnagið

middle voice: gnagask (not attested)
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek gnǫgumk	1pl	vér gnǫgumk	1sg	ek gnǫgumk	1pl	vér gnagimk
2sg	þú gnegsk	2pl	þér gnagizk	2sg	þú gnagisk	2pl	þér gnagizk
3sg	hon gnegsk	3pl	þau gnagask	3sg	hon gnagisk	3pl	þau gnagisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gnógumk	1pl	vér gnógumk	1sg	ek gnœgumk	1pl	vér gnœgimk
2sg	þú gnózk	2pl	þér gnóguzk	2sg	þú gnœgisk	2pl	þér gnœgizk
3sg	hon gnósk	3pl	þau gnógusk	3sg	hon gnœgisk	3pl	þau gnœgisk
		past participle		n.	gnagizk
imperative		2sg	gnagsk	1pl	gnǫgumk	2pl	gnagizk

PG *gnaganą, OE gnagan VI, ME gnauen, weak MnE gnaw, Dutch, German knagen. Lexical variant naga. The verb is almost exclusively found as class 2 weak (gnagaði, gnagaðr), with only the present singular and past participle exceptionally found strong. The present subjunctive, plural indicative, and plural imperative systems of the strong and weak verbs coincide.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

grafa VI “dig”

“dig up; bury; study; carve; fester”

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek gref	1pl	vér grǫfum	1sg	ek grafa	1pl	vér grafim
2sg	þú grefr	2pl	þér grafið	2sg	þú grafir	2pl	þér grafið
3sg	hon grefr	3pl	þau grafa	3sg	hon grafi	3pl	þau grafi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek gróf	1pl	vér grófum	1sg	ek grœfa	1pl	vér grœfim
2sg	þú gróft	2pl	þér grófuð	2sg	þú grœfir	2pl	þér grœfið
3sg	hon gróf	3pl	þau grófu	3sg	hon grœfi	3pl	þau grœfi
preterite infinitive				grófu
past participle		f.	grafin	m.	grafinn	n.	grafit
imperative		2sg	graf	1pl	grǫfum	2pl	grafið

middle voice: grafask “crawl, drag oneself; turn rough (of the sea)”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek grǫfumk	1pl	vér grǫfumk	1sg	ek grǫfumk	1pl	vér grafimk
2sg	þú grefsk	2pl	þér grafizk	2sg	þú grafisk	2pl	þér grafizk
3sg	hon grefsk	3pl	þau grafask	3sg	hon grafisk	3pl	þau grafisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek grófumk	1pl	vér grófumk	1sg	ek grœfumk	1pl	vér grœfimk
2sg	þú grófzk	2pl	þér grófuzk	2sg	þú grœfisk	2pl	þér grœfizk
3sg	hon grófsk	3pl	þau grófusk	3sg	hon grœfisk	3pl	þau grœfisk
		past participle		n.	grafizk
imperative		2sg	grafsk	1pl	grǫfumk	2pl	grafizk

PG *grabaną, OE grafan VI, ME grāven, Dutch graven, German graben; shares a root with the noun OE græf, ME grēve, MnE grave.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

hefja VI “lift (up)”

“begin; bring up in conversation; baptize”

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hef	1pl	vér hefjum	1sg	ek hefja	1pl	vér hefim
2sg	þú hefr	2pl	þér hefið	2sg	þú hefir	2pl	þér hefið
3sg	hon hefr	3pl	þau hefja	3sg	hon hefi	3pl	þau hefi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hóf	1pl	vér hófum	1sg	ek hœfa	1pl	vér hœfim
2sg	þú hóft	2pl	þér hófuð	2sg	þú hœfir	2pl	þér hœfið
3sg	hon hóf	3pl	þau hófu	3sg	hon hœfi	3pl	þau hœfi
preterite infinitive				hófu
past participle		f.	hafin	m.	hafinn	n.	hafit
imperative		2sg	hef	1pl	hefjum	2pl	hefið

middle voice: hefjask “rise; commence”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hefjumk	1pl	vér hefjumk	1sg	ek hefjumk	1pl	vér hefimk
2sg	þú hefsk	2pl	þér hefizk	2sg	þú hefisk	2pl	þér hefizk
3sg	hon hefsk	3pl	þau hefjask	3sg	hon hefisk	3pl	þau hefisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hófumk	1pl	vér hófumk	1sg	ek hœfumk	1pl	vér hœfimk
2sg	þú hófzk	2pl	þér hófuzk	2sg	þú hœfisk	2pl	þér hœfizk
3sg	hon hófsk	3pl	þau hófusk	3sg	hon hœfisk	3pl	þau hœfisk
		past participle		n.	hafizk
imperative		2sg	hefsk	1pl	hefjumk	2pl	hefizk

PG *habjaną, OE hebban VI, ME hēven, increasingly weak MnE heave, Dutch heffen, German heben, Latin capere “take.” Shares a root with PG *hōbijaną, ON hœfa 1 “hit.”

semivowel loss

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

hlaða VI “load”

“pile; build; fell, kill”

transitive (acc/dat: varies by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hleð	1pl	vér hlǫðum	1sg	ek hlaða	1pl	vér hlaðim
2sg	þú hleðr	2pl	þér hlaðið	2sg	þú hlaðir	2pl	þér hlaðið
3sg	hon hleðr	3pl	þau hlaða	3sg	hon hlaði	3pl	þau hlaði
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hlóð	1pl	vér hlóðum	1sg	ek hlœða	1pl	vér hlœðim
2sg	þú hlótt	2pl	þér hlóðuð	2sg	þú hlœðir	2pl	þér hlœðið
3sg	hon hlóð	3pl	þau hlóðu	3sg	hon hlœði	3pl	þau hlœði
preterite infinitive				hlóðu
past participle		f.	hlaðin	m.	hlaðinn	n.	hlaðit
imperative		2sg	hlað	1pl	hlǫðum	2pl	hlaðið

middle voice: hlaðask “throng”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hlǫðumk	1pl	vér hlǫðumk	1sg	ek hlǫðumk	1pl	vér hlaðimk
2sg	þú hlezk	2pl	þér hlaðizk	2sg	þú hlaðisk	2pl	þér hlaðizk
3sg	hon hlezk	3pl	þau hlaðask	3sg	hon hlaðisk	3pl	þau hlaðisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hlóðumk	1pl	vér hlóðumk	1sg	ek hlœðumk	1pl	vér hlœðimk
2sg	þú hlózk	2pl	þér hlóðuzk	2sg	þú hlœðisk	2pl	þér hlœðizk
3sg	hon hlózk	3pl	þau hlóðusk	3sg	hon hlœðisk	3pl	þau hlœðisk
		past participle		n.	hlaðizk
imperative		2sg	hlazk	1pl	hlǫðumk	2pl	hlaðizk

PG *hlaþaną, OE hladan VI, ME lāden, partly weak Dutch laden, German laden; shares a root with MnE load by way of the noun.

regressive assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

hlæja VI “laugh”

“ridicule”

intransitive/transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hlæ	1pl	vér hlæjum	1sg	ek hlæja	1pl	vér hlæim
2sg	þú hlær	2pl	þér hlæið	2sg	þú hlæir	2pl	þér hlæið
3sg	hon hlær	3pl	þau hlæja	3sg	hon hlæi	3pl	þau hlæi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hló	1pl	vér hlógum	1sg	ek hlœga	1pl	vér hlœgim
2sg	þú hlótt	2pl	þér hlóguð	2sg	þú hlœgir	2pl	þér hlœgið
3sg	hon hló	3pl	þau hlógu	3sg	hon hlœgi	3pl	þau hlœgi
preterite infinitive				hlógu
past participle		f.	hlegin	m.	hleginn	n.	hlegit
imperative		2sg	hlæ	1pl	hlæjum	2pl	hlæið

middle voice: hlæjask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hlæjumk	1pl	vér hlæjumk	1sg	ek hlæjumk	1pl	vér hlæimk
2sg	þú hlæsk	2pl	þér hlæizk	2sg	þú hlæisk	2pl	þér hlæizk
3sg	hon hlæsk	3pl	þau hlæjask	3sg	hon hlæisk	3pl	þau hlæisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hlógumk	1pl	vér hlógumk	1sg	ek hlœgumk	1pl	vér hlœgimk
2sg	þú hlózk	2pl	þér hlóguzk	2sg	þú hlœgisk	2pl	þér hlœgizk
3sg	hon hlósk	3pl	þau hlógusk	3sg	hon hlœgisk	3pl	þau hlœgisk
		past participle		n.	hlegizk
imperative		2sg	hlæsk	1pl	hlæjumk	2pl	hlæizk

PG *hlahjaną, OE hlyhhan VI, ME laughen, weak MnE laugh, partly weak Dutch, fully weak German lachen. Shares a root with PG *hlakōną, ON hlakka 2.

semivowel loss  ·  consonant lengthening  ·  palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

hnafa VI “cut, chop”

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hnef	1pl	vér hnǫfum	1sg	ek hnafa	1pl	vér hnafim
2sg	þú hnefr	2pl	þér hnafið	2sg	þú hnafir	2pl	þér hnafið
3sg	hon hnefr	3pl	þau hnafa	3sg	hon hnafi	3pl	þau hnafi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hnóf	1pl	vér hnófum	1sg	ek hnœfa	1pl	vér hnœfim
2sg	þú hnóft	2pl	þér hnófuð	2sg	þú hnœfir	2pl	þér hnœfið
3sg	hon hnóf	3pl	þau hnófu	3sg	hon hnœfi	3pl	þau hnœfi
preterite infinitive				hnófu
past participle		f.	hnafin	m.	hnafinn	n.	hnafit
imperative		2sg	hnaf	1pl	hnǫfum	2pl	hnafið

middle voice: hnafask (not attested)
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek hnǫfumk	1pl	vér hnǫfumk	1sg	ek hnǫfumk	1pl	vér hnafimk
2sg	þú hnefsk	2pl	þér hnafizk	2sg	þú hnafisk	2pl	þér hnafizk
3sg	hon hnefsk	3pl	þau hnafask	3sg	hon hnafisk	3pl	þau hnafisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek hnófumk	1pl	vér hnófumk	1sg	ek hnœfumk	1pl	vér hnœfimk
2sg	þú hnófzk	2pl	þér hnófuzk	2sg	þú hnœfisk	2pl	þér hnœfizk
3sg	hon hnófsk	3pl	þau hnófusk	3sg	hon hnœfisk	3pl	þau hnœfisk
		past participle		n.	hnafizk
imperative		2sg	hnafsk	1pl	hnǫfumk	2pl	hnafizk

Perhaps PG *hnabaną. Only the form hnóf is attested.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

kala VI “cool, freeze”

impersonal transitive/transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek kel	1pl	vér kǫlum	1sg	ek kala	1pl	vér kalim
2sg	þú kell	2pl	þér kalið	2sg	þú kalir	2pl	þér kalið
3sg	hon kell	3pl	þau kala	3sg	hon kali	3pl	þau kali
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek kól	1pl	vér kólum	1sg	ek kœla	1pl	vér kœlim
2sg	þú kólt	2pl	þér kóluð	2sg	þú kœlir	2pl	þér kœlið
3sg	hon kól	3pl	þau kólu	3sg	hon kœli	3pl	þau kœli
preterite infinitive				kólu
past participle		f.	kalin	m.	kalinn	n.	kalit
imperative		2sg	kal	1pl	kǫlum	2pl	kalið

middle voice: kalask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek kǫlumk	1pl	vér kǫlumk	1sg	ek kǫlumk	1pl	vér kalimk
2sg	þú kelsk	2pl	þér kalizk	2sg	þú kalisk	2pl	þér kalizk
3sg	hon kelsk	3pl	þau kalask	3sg	hon kalisk	3pl	þau kalisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek kólumk	1pl	vér kólumk	1sg	ek kœlumk	1pl	vér kœlimk
2sg	þú kólzk	2pl	þér kóluzk	2sg	þú kœlisk	2pl	þér kœlizk
3sg	hon kólsk	3pl	þau kólusk	3sg	hon kœlisk	3pl	þau kœlisk
		past participle		n.	kalizk
imperative		2sg	kalsk	1pl	kǫlumk	2pl	kalizk

PG *kalaną, OE calan VI.

progressive assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

kefja VI “submerge”

“defeat”

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc)/intransitive

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek kef	1pl	vér kefjum	1sg	ek kefja	1pl	vér kefim
2sg	þú kefr	2pl	þér kefið	2sg	þú kefir	2pl	þér kefið
3sg	hon kefr	3pl	þau kefja	3sg	hon kefi	3pl	þau kefi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek kóf	1pl	vér kófum	1sg	ek kœfa	1pl	vér kœfim
2sg	þú kóft	2pl	þér kófuð	2sg	þú kœfir	2pl	þér kœfið
3sg	hon kóf	3pl	þau kófu	3sg	hon kœfi	3pl	þau kœfi
preterite infinitive				kófu
past participle		f.	kafin	m.	kafinn	n.	kafit
imperative		2sg	kef	1pl	kefjum	2pl	kefið

middle voice: kefjask “duck, dive; be extinguished”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek kefjumk	1pl	vér kefjumk	1sg	ek kefjumk	1pl	vér kefimk
2sg	þú kefsk	2pl	þér kefizk	2sg	þú kefisk	2pl	þér kefizk
3sg	hon kefsk	3pl	þau kefjask	3sg	hon kefisk	3pl	þau kefisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek kófumk	1pl	vér kófumk	1sg	ek kœfumk	1pl	vér kœfimk
2sg	þú kófzk	2pl	þér kófuzk	2sg	þú kœfisk	2pl	þér kœfizk
3sg	hon kófsk	3pl	þau kófusk	3sg	hon kœfisk	3pl	þau kœfisk
		past participle		n.	kafizk
imperative		2sg	kefsk	1pl	kefjumk	2pl	kefizk

PG *kwabjaną. Lexical variants include the earlier form kvefja; more commonly found as class 1 weak in both lexical forms (kafði, kafðr; kvafði, kvafðr). Source of ME kēven. Present-tense forms coincide with those of class 1 weak kefja.

semivowel loss

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

klá VI “scratch, rub”

transitive (acc/dat)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek klæ	1pl	vér klám	1sg	ek klá	1pl	vér kláim
2sg	þú klær	2pl	þér kláið	2sg	þú kláir	2pl	þér kláið
3sg	hon klær	3pl	þau klá	3sg	hon klái	3pl	þau klái
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek kló	1pl	vér klógum	1sg	ek klœga	1pl	vér klœgim
2sg	þú klótt	2pl	þér klóguð	2sg	þú klœgir	2pl	þér klœgið
3sg	hon kló	3pl	þau klógu	3sg	hon klœgi	3pl	þau klœgi
preterite infinitive				klógu
past participle		f.	klegin	m.	kleginn	n.	klegit
imperative		2sg	klá	1pl	klám	2pl	kláið

middle voice: klásk
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek klámk	1pl	vér klámk	1sg	ek klámk	1pl	vér kláimk
2sg	þú klæsk	2pl	þér kláizk	2sg	þú kláisk	2pl	þér kláizk
3sg	hon klæsk	3pl	þau klásk	3sg	hon kláisk	3pl	þau kláisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek klógumk	1pl	vér klógumk	1sg	ek klœgumk	1pl	vér klœgimk
2sg	þú klózk	2pl	þér klóguzk	2sg	þú klœgisk	2pl	þér klœgizk
3sg	hon klósk	3pl	þau klógusk	3sg	hon klœgisk	3pl	þau klœgisk
		past participle		n.	klegizk
imperative		2sg	klásk	1pl	klámk	2pl	kláizk

PG *klaujaną, OE clāwan ?VII, weak clāwian 2, ME clauen, weak MnE claw, Dutch klauwen “claw,” German klauen “steal.”

consonant lengthening  ·  palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

mala VI “grind, mill”

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek mel	1pl	vér mǫlum	1sg	ek mala	1pl	vér malim
2sg	þú mel	2pl	þér malið	2sg	þú malir	2pl	þér malið
3sg	hon mel	3pl	þau mala	3sg	hon mali	3pl	þau mali
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek mól	1pl	vér mólum	1sg	ek mœla	1pl	vér mœlim
2sg	þú mólt	2pl	þér móluð	2sg	þú mœlir	2pl	þér mœlið
3sg	hon mól	3pl	þau mólu	3sg	hon mœli	3pl	þau mœli
preterite infinitive				mólu
past participle		f.	malin	m.	malinn	n.	malit
imperative		2sg	mal	1pl	mǫlum	2pl	malið

middle voice: malask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek mǫlumk	1pl	vér mǫlumk	1sg	ek mǫlumk	1pl	vér malimk
2sg	þú melsk	2pl	þér malizk	2sg	þú malisk	2pl	þér malizk
3sg	hon melsk	3pl	þau malask	3sg	hon malisk	3pl	þau malisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek mólumk	1pl	vér mólumk	1sg	ek mœlumk	1pl	vér mœlimk
2sg	þú mólzk	2pl	þér móluzk	2sg	þú mœlisk	2pl	þér mœlizk
3sg	hon mólsk	3pl	þau mólusk	3sg	hon mœlisk	3pl	þau mœlisk
		past participle		n.	malizk
imperative		2sg	malsk	1pl	mǫlumk	2pl	malizk

PG *malaną, weak Dutch malen, German mahlen, Latin molere. The MnE verb mill was formed from the MnE noun. Inflected variants include malar (as though class 2 weak).

progressive assimilation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

skafa VI “scrape”

“erase; shave, plane”

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek skef	1pl	vér skǫfum	1sg	ek skafa	1pl	vér skafim
2sg	þú skefr	2pl	þér skafið	2sg	þú skafir	2pl	þér skafið
3sg	hon skefr	3pl	þau skafa	3sg	hon skafi	3pl	þau skafi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skóf	1pl	vér skófum	1sg	ek skœfa	1pl	vér skœfim
2sg	þú skóft	2pl	þér skófuð	2sg	þú skœfir	2pl	þér skœfið
3sg	hon skóf	3pl	þau skófu	3sg	hon skœfi	3pl	þau skœfi
preterite infinitive				skófu
past participle		f.	skafin	m.	skafinn	n.	skafit
imperative		2sg	skaf	1pl	skǫfum	2pl	skafið

middle voice: skafask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek skǫfumk	1pl	vér skǫfumk	1sg	ek skǫfumk	1pl	vér skafimk
2sg	þú skefsk	2pl	þér skafizk	2sg	þú skafisk	2pl	þér skafizk
3sg	hon skefsk	3pl	þau skafask	3sg	hon skafisk	3pl	þau skafisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skófumk	1pl	vér skófumk	1sg	ek skœfumk	1pl	vér skœfimk
2sg	þú skófzk	2pl	þér skófuzk	2sg	þú skœfisk	2pl	þér skœfizk
3sg	hon skófsk	3pl	þau skófusk	3sg	hon skœfisk	3pl	þau skœfisk
		past participle		n.	skafizk
imperative		2sg	skafsk	1pl	skǫfumk	2pl	skafizk

PG *skabaną, OE sceafan VI, ME shāven, partly weak MnE shave, weak Dutch schaven, German schaben, Latin scabere.

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

skaka VI “shake”

“shake loose”

transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek skek	1pl	vér skǫkum	1sg	ek skaka	1pl	vér skakim
2sg	þú skekr	2pl	þér skakið	2sg	þú skakir	2pl	þér skakið
3sg	hon skekr	3pl	þau skaka	3sg	hon skaki	3pl	þau skaki
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skók	1pl	vér skókum	1sg	ek skœka	1pl	vér skœkim
2sg	þú skókt	2pl	þér skókuð	2sg	þú skœkir	2pl	þér skœkið
3sg	hon skók	3pl	þau skóku	3sg	hon skœki	3pl	þau skœki
preterite infinitive				skóku
past participle		f.	skekin	m.	skekinn	n.	skekit
imperative		2sg	skak	1pl	skǫkum	2pl	skakið

middle voice: skakask “tremble; be afraid”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek skǫkumk	1pl	vér skǫkumk	1sg	ek skǫkumk	1pl	vér skakimk
2sg	þú skeksk	2pl	þér skakizk	2sg	þú skakisk	2pl	þér skakizk
3sg	hon skeksk	3pl	þau skakask	3sg	hon skakisk	3pl	þau skakisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skókumk	1pl	vér skókumk	1sg	ek skœkumk	1pl	vér skœkimk
2sg	þú skókzk	2pl	þér skókuzk	2sg	þú skœkisk	2pl	þér skœkizk
3sg	hon skóksk	3pl	þau skókusk	3sg	hon skœkisk	3pl	þau skœkisk
		past participle		n.	skekizk
imperative		2sg	skaksk	1pl	skǫkumk	2pl	skakizk

PG *skakaną, OE sceacan VI, ME shāken, MnE shake.

palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

skepja VI “form, make”

“determine, fix; bring about; begin”

transitive (acc of object, dat of beneficiary)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek skep	1pl	vér skepjum	1sg	ek skepja	1pl	vér skepim
2sg	þú skepr	2pl	þér skepið	2sg	þú skepir	2pl	þér skepið
3sg	hon skepr	3pl	þau skepja	3sg	hon skepi	3pl	þau skepi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skóp	1pl	vér skópum	1sg	ek skœpa	1pl	vér skœpim
2sg	þú skópt	2pl	þér skópuð	2sg	þú skœpir	2pl	þér skœpið
3sg	hon skóp	3pl	þau skópu	3sg	hon skœpi	3pl	þau skœpi
preterite infinitive				skópu
past participle		f.	skapin	m.	skapinn	n.	skapit
imperative		2sg	skep	1pl	skepjum	2pl	skepið

middle voice: skepjask
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek skepjumk	1pl	vér skepjumk	1sg	ek skepjumk	1pl	vér skepimk
2sg	þú skepsk	2pl	þér skepizk	2sg	þú skepisk	2pl	þér skepizk
3sg	hon skepsk	3pl	þau skepjask	3sg	hon skepisk	3pl	þau skepisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek skópumk	1pl	vér skópumk	1sg	ek skœpumk	1pl	vér skœpimk
2sg	þú skópzk	2pl	þér skópuzk	2sg	þú skœpisk	2pl	þér skœpizk
3sg	hon skópsk	3pl	þau skópusk	3sg	hon skœpisk	3pl	þau skœpisk
		past participle		n.	skapizk
imperative		2sg	skepsk	1pl	skepjumk	2pl	skepizk

PG *skapjaną, OE scyppan VI, ME shāpen, weak MnE shape, Dutch scheppen, German schaffen. Only the preterite is attested. More commonly found as class 1 weak skepja (skapði, skapðr) but especially as skapa 2 (skapaði, skapaðr), which governs the middle voice senses of the verb. Present-tense forms coincide with those of class 1 weak skepja.

semivowel loss

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

slá VI “strike”

“kill”

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc/dat: varies by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek slæ	1pl	vér slám	1sg	ek slá	1pl	vér sláim
2sg	þú slær	2pl	þér sláið	2sg	þú sláir	2pl	þér sláið
3sg	hon slær	3pl	þau slá	3sg	hon slái	3pl	þau slái
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek sló	1pl	vér slógum	1sg	ek slœga	1pl	vér slœgim
2sg	þú slótt	2pl	þér slóguð	2sg	þú slœgir	2pl	þér slœgið
3sg	hon sló	3pl	þau slógu	3sg	hon slœgi	3pl	þau slœgi
preterite infinitive				slógu
past participle		f.	slegin	m.	sleginn	n.	slegit
imperative		2sg	slá	1pl	slám	2pl	sláið

middle voice: slásk “dash, go”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek slámk	1pl	vér slámk	1sg	ek slámk	1pl	vér sláimk
2sg	þú slæsk	2pl	þér sláizk	2sg	þú sláisk	2pl	þér sláizk
3sg	hon slæsk	3pl	þau slásk	3sg	hon sláisk	3pl	þau sláisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek slógumk	1pl	vér slógumk	1sg	ek slœgumk	1pl	vér slœgimk
2sg	þú slózk	2pl	þér slóguzk	2sg	þú slœgisk	2pl	þér slœgizk
3sg	hon slósk	3pl	þau slógusk	3sg	hon slœgisk	3pl	þau slœgisk
		past participle		n.	sleizk
imperative		2sg	slásk	1pl	slámk	2pl	sláizk

PG *slahaną, OE slēan VI, Dutch slaan, German schlagen. Probably of influence on ME slēn, MnE slay. Cf. denominal class 1 weak slá “bar, bolt.” Inflected variants include present plural sláu, preterite singular sleri, sløri, plural sleru, sløru.

vowel lengthening  ·  consonant lengthening  ·  palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

standa VI “stand”

“remain; result; be headed; extend; encounter”

intransitive/transitive/impersonal transitive (acc)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek stend	1pl	vér stǫndum	1sg	ek standa	1pl	vér standim
2sg	þú stendr	2pl	þér standið	2sg	þú standir	2pl	þér standið
3sg	hon stendr	3pl	þau standa	3sg	hon standi	3pl	þau standi
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek stóð	1pl	vér stóðum	1sg	ek stœða	1pl	vér stœðim
2sg	þú stótt	2pl	þér stóðuð	2sg	þú stœðir	2pl	þér stœðið
3sg	hon stóð	3pl	þau stóðu	3sg	hon stœði	3pl	þau stœði
preterite infinitive				stóðu
past participle		f.	staðin	m.	staðinn	n.	staðit
imperative		2sg	statt	1pl	stǫndum	2pl	standið

middle voice: standask “stand, remain standing; withstand”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek stǫndumk	1pl	vér stǫndumk	1sg	ek stǫndumk	1pl	vér standimk
2sg	þú stenzk	2pl	þér standizk	2sg	þú standisk	2pl	þér standizk
3sg	hon stenzk	3pl	þau standask	3sg	hon standisk	3pl	þau standisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek stóðumk	1pl	vér stóðumk	1sg	ek stœðumk	1pl	vér stœðimk
2sg	þú stózk	2pl	þér stóðuzk	2sg	þú stœðisk	2pl	þér stœðizk
3sg	hon stózk	3pl	þau stóðusk	3sg	hon stœðisk	3pl	þau stœðisk
		past participle		n.	staðizk
imperative		2sg	stazk	1pl	stǫndumk	2pl	standizk

PG *standaną, OE standan VI, ME stnden, MnE stand, Dutch staan, German stehen, Latin stāre.

nasal infix  ·  final devoicing

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

sverja VI “swear (an oath)”

transitive (acc of oath, dat of addressee)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek sver	1pl	vér sverjum	1sg	ek sverja	1pl	vér sverim
2sg	þú sverr	2pl	þér sverið	2sg	þú sverir	2pl	þér sverið
3sg	hon sverr	3pl	þau sverja	3sg	hon sveri	3pl	þau sveri
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek sór	1pl	vér sórum	1sg	ek sœra	1pl	vér sœrim
2sg	þú sórt	2pl	þér sóruð	2sg	þú sœrir	2pl	þér sœrið
3sg	hon sór	3pl	þau sóru	3sg	hon sœri	3pl	þau sœri
preterite infinitive				sóru
past participle		f.	svarin	m.	svarinn	n.	svarit
imperative		2sg	sver	1pl	sverjum	2pl	sverið

middle voice: sverjask “be sworn in”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek sverjumk	1pl	vér sverjumk	1sg	ek sverjumk	1pl	vér sverimk
2sg	þú sversk	2pl	þér sverizk	2sg	þú sverisk	2pl	þér sverizk
3sg	hon sversk	3pl	þau sverjask	3sg	hon sverisk	3pl	þau sverisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek sórumk	1pl	vér sórumk	1sg	ek sœrumk	1pl	vér sœrimk
2sg	þú sórzk	2pl	þér sóruzk	2sg	þú sœrisk	2pl	þér sœrizk
3sg	hon sórsk	3pl	þau sórusk	3sg	hon sœrisk	3pl	þau sœrisk
		past participle		n.	svarizk
imperative		2sg	sversk	1pl	sverjumk	2pl	sverizk

PG *swarjaną, OE swerian VI, ME swēren, MnE swear, Dutch zweren, German schwören. Inflected variants include preterite singular svór, plural svóru. Also found as class 1 weak (svarði, svarðr).

semivowel loss

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive

taka VI “take”

“choose, resolve; begin; reach, touch; receive”

transitive/impersonal transitive (acc/dat/clausal object: varies by sense)

active voice
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek tek	1pl	vér tǫkum	1sg	ek taka	1pl	vér takim
2sg	þú tekr	2pl	þér takið	2sg	þú takir	2pl	þér takið
3sg	hon tekr	3pl	þau taka	3sg	hon taki	3pl	þau taki
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek tók	1pl	vér tókum	1sg	ek tœka	1pl	vér tœkim
2sg	þú tókt	2pl	þér tókuð	2sg	þú tœkir	2pl	þér tœkið
3sg	hon tók	3pl	þau tóku	3sg	hon tœki	3pl	þau tœki
preterite infinitive				tóku
past participle		f.	tekin	m.	tekinn	n.	tekit
imperative		2sg	tak	1pl	tǫkum	2pl	takið

middle voice: takask “begin, take place”
present indicative				present subjunctive
1sg	ek tǫkumk	1pl	vér tǫkumk	1sg	ek tǫkumk	1pl	vér takimk
2sg	þú teksk	2pl	þér takizk	2sg	þú takisk	2pl	þér takizk
3sg	hon teksk	3pl	þau takask	3sg	hon takisk	3pl	þau takisk
preterite indicative				preterite subjunctive
1sg	ek tókumk	1pl	vér tókumk	1sg	ek tœkumk	1pl	vér tœkimk
2sg	þú tókzk	2pl	þér tókuzk	2sg	þú tœkisk	2pl	þér tœkizk
3sg	hon tóksk	3pl	þau tókusk	3sg	hon tœkisk	3pl	þau tœkisk
		past participle		n.	tekizk
imperative		2sg	taksk	1pl	tǫkumk	2pl	takizk

PG *takaną; the source of ME tāken, MnE take.

palatal mutation

Corpus search: present active / preterite active / present reflexive / preterite reflexive